The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
cJun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1): roles in metabolic regulation of insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
The cJun NH(2)-terminal kinase isoform JNK1 is implicated in the mechanism of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Feeding a high-fat diet causes activation of the JNK1 signaling pathway, insulin resistance, and obesity in mice. Germ-line ablation of Jnk1 prevents both diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Genetic analysis indicates that the effects of JNK1 on insulin resistance can be separated from effects of JNK1 on obesity. Emerging research indicates that JNK1 plays multiple roles in the regulation of insulin resistance, including altered gene expression, hormone/cytokine production, and lipid metabolism. Together, these studies establish JNK1 as a potential pharmacological target for the development of drugs that might be useful for the treatment of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“JNK causes IR by inducing serine and threonine phosphorylation of IRS and attenuating downstream insulin signaling [68].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Tsukumo, D. M. L., Carvalho-Filho, M. A., Carvalheira, J. B. C., Prada, P. O., Hirabara, S. M., Schenka, A. A., Araújo, E. P., Vassallo, J., Curi, R., Velloso, L. A., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1595 · Cited by 826
RetractedInflammation and metabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05485 · Cited by 9,199
Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Shaw, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414782a · Cited by 5,883
Inflammation and insulin resistance
Shoelson, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29069 · Cited by 4,769
Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases
Davis, R. J. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00116-1 · Cited by 4,237
Self-citationTLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690
A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
Hirosumi, J., Tuncman, G., Chang, L., Görgün, C. Z., Uysal, K. T., Maeda, K., Karin, M., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01137 · Cited by 3,359
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034 · Cited by 2,802
Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-α function
Uysal, K. T., Wiesbrock, S. M., Marino, M. W., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39335 · Cited by 2,234
Macrophage-specific PPARγ controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance
Odegaard, J. I., Ricardo-Gonzalez, R. R., Goforth, M. H., Morel, C. R., Subramanian, V., Mukundan, L., Eagle, A. R., Vats, D., Brombacher, F., Ferrante, A. W., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05894 · Cited by 2,107 · cited 1×
“Indeed, adipocytes play a key role in obesity-induced activation of adipose tissue macrophages [41, 42].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–172 of 172
Emerging role of the Jun N‐terminal kinase interactome in human health
Guo, X., An, S., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Hao, Q., Tang, T., & Xu, T. (2018) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.10948 · Cited by 19
Xu, C., Li, M., LiZhao, Chen, W.-G., & Wang, J. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203607 · Cited by 18
Vernia, S., Lee, A., Kennedy, N. J., Han, M. S., Isasa, M., Cavanagh, J., Roy, A., Syed, A., Chaudhry, S., Edwards, Y. J. K., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2210434119 · Cited by 17
Self-citationIntralipid Decreases Apolipoprotein M Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Rats
Zheng, L., Feng, Y., Shi, Y., Zhang, J., Mu, Q., Qin, L., Berggren-Söderlund, M., Nilsson‐Ehle, P., Zhang, X., Luo, G., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105681 · Cited by 18
Yao, Y., Luo, Z., Li, H., Wang, S., Wu, Y., Hu, Y., Hu, S., Yang, C., Yang, J., Wang, J., et al. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202200939rr · Cited by 18
Resveratrol as a potential protective compound against skeletal muscle insulin resistance
Bahramzadeh, A., Bolandnazar, K., & Meshkani, R. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21305 · Cited by 17
Gong, J., Fang, C., Zhang, P., Wang, P., Qiu, Y., She, Z., Zhang, L. R., Zhu, X., Tian, S., Li, F., et al. (2018) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29820 · Cited by 16
Ratchford, S. M., Lee, J. F., Bunsawat, K., Alpenglow, J. K., Zhao, J., Ma, C. L., Ryan, J. J., Khor, L. L. C., & Wray, D. W. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2021 · Cited by 16
Passaro, A., Sanz, J. M., Naumovski, N., & Sergi, D. (2024) · Advances in Redox Research · doi:10.1016/j.arres.2024.100100 · Cited by 17
Role of melatonin in mitigation of insulin resistance and ensuing diabetic cardiomyopathy
Nath, A., Ghosh, S., & Bandyopadhyay, D. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122993 · Cited by 15
Major, E., Győry, F., Horváth, D., Keller, I., Tamás, I., Uray, K., Fülöp, P., & Lontay, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.751488 · Cited by 14
Lan, X., Qi, D., Ren, H., Liu, T., Shao, H., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49169-z · Cited by 13
The Mechanisms of Insulin Action
White, M. F., & Copps, K. D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00033-0 · Cited by 12
Busquets, O., Ettcheto, M., Eritja, À., Espinosa-Jiménez, T., Verdaguer, E., Olloquequi, J., Beas‐Zárate, C., Castro-Torres, R. D., Casadesús, G., Auladell, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-019-01856-z · Cited by 15
Pereira, C., Passos, E., Severo, M., Vitó, I., Wen, X., Carneiro, F., Gomes, P., Monteiro, R., & Martins, M. J. (2016) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2015-0033 · Cited by 12
Deficiency of CKIP-1 aggravates high-fat diet-induced fatty liver in mice
Zhan, Y., Xie, P., Li, D., Li, L., Chen, J., An, W., Zhang, L., & Zhang, C. (2017) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.033 · Cited by 11
Bengal, E., & Aviram, S. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14161277 · Cited by 12
Molecular physiopathology of obesity-related diseases: multi-organ integration by GRK2
Lucas, E., Cruces‐Sande, M., Briones, A. M., Salaíces, M., Mayor, F., Murga, C., & Vila‐Bedmar, R. (2015) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.3109/13813455.2015.1107589 · Cited by 11
Ren, L., Zhang, X., Li, J., Yan, X., Gao, X., Cui, J., Tang, C., & Liu, S. (2021) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1749-9 · Cited by 9
Chaudhari, H. N., Kim, S. W., & Yun, J. W. (2015) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.12490 · Cited by 9
Improving Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Targeting Skeletal Muscle MKP-1
(2020) · Journal of Cellular Signaling · doi:10.33696/signaling.1.025 · Cited by 8
Zhang, K., Wang, L., Gao, W. Q., & Guo, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1587165 · Cited by 10
Update on JNK inhibitor patents: 2015 to present
Feng, G., Yang, X., Wen, S., Wang, G., & Ouyang, L. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1080/13543776.2024.2400167 · Cited by 8
Bone marrow-derived c-jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) mediates liver regeneration
Schaefer, F. M., Peng, J., Hu, W., Drvarov, O., Nevzorova, Y. A., Zhao, G., Masaoudi, M. A., Davis, R. J., Trautwein, C., & Cubero, F. J. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.011 · Cited by 8
Self-citationZang, L., Xue, B., Lu, Z., Li, X., Yang, G., Guo, Q., Ba, J. B., Zou, X., Dou, J., Lu, J., et al. (2013) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1331215 · Cited by 8
Hartogh, D. J. D., MacPherson, R. E. K., & Tsiani, E. (2025) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2024-0302 · Cited by 8
White, M. F. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118924853.ch8 · Cited by 8
Song, K., Kong, X., Xian, Y., Yu, Z., He, M., Xiao, D., Liang, D., Zhang, Z., Liu, T., Huang, Z., et al. (2025) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2024.12.024 · Cited by 6
Sanchez, D., León, E. M., Salgado, C. N. A., Martinez, Y. S., Figueroa, P. D., Escárcega, M. C., Cohen, A. H., Garcia, X. A. S., Guzman, J. A. R., & Haro, S. E. R. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.97204 · Cited by 8
Cai, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Liu, X., Jin, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, L., & Jiang, Z. (2025) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115628 · Cited by 5
Lu, F., Gong, H., Duan, L., Yuan, Y., Chen, L., Peng, P., Zhang, Q., Song, W., & Li, J. (2023) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2023-0873 · Cited by 5
Yang, H., Zhang, C., Kim, W., Shi, M., Kılıçlıoğlu, M., Bayram, C., Bolat, İ., Tozlu, Ö. Ö., Baba, C., Yuksel, N., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98427 · Cited by 5
Li, S., Lu, E., Mi, L., Li, C., Guan, H., Cao, T., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-03926-w · Cited by 4
Title: p38δ Regulates IL6 Expression Modulating ERK Phosphorylation in Preadipocytes
Díaz-Chamorro, S., Garrido-Jiménez, S., Barrera-López, J. F., Mateos-Quirós, C. M., Cumplido-Laso, G., Lorenzo, M. J., Román, Á., Bernardo, E., Sabio, G., Carvajal-González, J. M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.708844 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe evolution of JNK inhibition: A review on modern targeting strategies
Li, J., Cao, L., Yang, Y., Gao, Y., Li, B., Shao, N., Ran, Z., & Luo, L. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118787 · Cited by 3
Song, X., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Xu, G., Yan, X., Chen, Z., & Song, G. (2024) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266322320240911194626 · Cited by 4
Metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
Coope, A., Torsoni, A. S., & Velloso, L. A. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · Cited by 3
Chokeshaiusaha, K., Puthier, D., Sananmuang, T., Olanratmanee, E.-O., Nguyen, C., & Kedkovid, R. (2020) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2020.1113-1125 · Cited by 3
Characterization of multi-targeted insulin-mimetic antidiabetic peptides using in silico approaches
Bilal, A., & Mustafa, G. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330341 · Cited by 3
Methylophiopogonanone A alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting JNK1 signaling
Yin, J., Song, Z., Zhang, L., & Cong, J. (2025) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111762 · Cited by 2
Wong, H. N., Qi, N., Arias, E. B., Cho, K. W., Nihalani, D., Cartee, G. D., & Holzman, L. B. (2025) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102244 · Cited by 2
Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Intracellular Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Manabe, Y. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55720-3_10 · Cited by 2
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases in Metabolism
Lawan, A., & Bennett, A. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7855-3_12 · Cited by 2
Palmieri, B., Corazzari, V., BRASILE, D. G. P., Sangiovanni, V., & VADALÀ, M. (2021) · Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica · doi:10.23736/s1121-421x.20.02738-5 · Cited by 2
Tikhonova, I. V., Dyukina, A. R., Shaykhutdinova, E. R., & Safronova, V. G. (2023) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes13030306 · Cited by 2
Yan, S., Santoro, A. N., Niphakis, M. J., Pinto, A. F. M., Jacobs, C. L., Ahmad, R., Suciu, R. M., Fonslow, B. R., Herbst-Graham, R. A., Ngo, N., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552481 · Cited by 2
Yang, H., Zhang, C., Kim, W., Shi, M., Kılıçlıoğlu, M., Bayram, C., Bolar, I., Tozlu, Ö. Ö., Baba, C., Yuksel, N., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98427.3 · Cited by 8
Mutually exclusive alternative pre-mRNA splicing promotes adaptive metabolic stress signaling by JNK
Lee, A., Gentzler, A., Fitzpatrick, D., Ponny, S. R., Aydemir, Ö., Han, M. S., Lewis, C. A., Gao, G., & Davis, R. J. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2527162123 · Cited by 1
Self-citationImplication des MAP kinases dans l’inflammation et l’insulino-résistance associées à l’obésité
Ceppo, F., Jager, J., Berthou, F., Giorgetti‐Peraldi, S., Cormont, M., Bost, F., & Tanti, J. (2014) · Biologie Aujourd hui · doi:10.1051/jbio/2014014 · Cited by 1
Stress-activated kinases signaling pathways in cancer development
Herrera‐Melle, L., Crespo, M., Leiva, M., & Sabio, G. (2020) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.005 · Cited by 1
Self-citationImpact of Proinflammatory Cytokines on Adipocyte Insulin Signaling
Tanti, J., Jager, J., & MARCHAND‐BRUSTEL, Y. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0343-2_21 · Cited by 2
Mathematical Modeling in Systems Medicine: New Paradigms for Glucose Control in Critical Care
Pritchard‐Bell, A. (2016) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Impact des cytokines pro-inflammatoires sur la signalisation insulinique de l’adipocyte
Tanti, J., Jager, J., & MARCHAND‐BRUSTEL, Y. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0332-6_21
Obesidade: um enfoque na inflamação periférica e central
Fróes, F. T. (2012) · Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)
Nitta, C. F. (2013) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Role of Double-Stranded RNA Pathways in Immunometabolism in Obesity
Nakamura, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56068-5_21
Metformin, Glucotoxicity And Islet Dysfunction
Baidwan, S. S. (2017) · Human Biology
Catestatin improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice: in vivo and in silico validationPreprint
Dasgupta, A., Bandyopadhyay, K., Ray, I., Bandyopadhyay, G. K., Chowdhury, N., De, R. K., & Mahata, S. K. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/615997
Hepatic JNK-mediated bile acid homeostasis regulates liver cancer through PPARαPreprint
Manieri, E., Esteban-Lafuente, L., Rodríguez, M. E., Leiva‐Vega, L., Chen, C., Cubero, F. J., Barrett, T., Cavanagh, J., Seruggia, D., Monte, M. J., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/783761
Self-citationEffect of Inflammation on Ketoisocaproic Acid Induced Insulin Resistance In Skeletal Muscle Cells
Mann, G. S. (2018) · YorkSpace (York University)
Leite, J. S. M. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2020.tde-15102021-212914
Advances in NLRP3 Inflammatory Vesicles and Insulin Resistance
周, 芸. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.1361292
Yang, H., Zhang, C., Kim, W., Shi, M., Kılıçlıoğlu, M., Bayram, C., Bolat, İ., Tozlu, Ö. Ö., Baba, C., Yuksel, N., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98427.1
Yang, H., Zhang, C., Kim, W., Shi, M., Kılıçlıoğlu, M., Bayram, C., Bolat, İ., Tozlu, Ö. Ö., Baba, C., Yuksel, N., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98427.2 · Cited by 1
Complex Roles of Macrophages in Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disease: A Dissertation
Negrin, K. A. (2014) · eScholarship@UMassChan · doi:10.13028/m24p4s
The role of NF-kB activation I fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
Hommelberg, P. P. H. (2011) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20110225ph
Attack of the kinases: JNK signaling in metabolism
Fernández-González, I., Vattathara, J. J., Davis, R. J., Sabio, G., & López, M. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2025 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPonnusamy, R., Giriraj, K., Dharani, S., & Sowndhararajan, K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17170-2_13
Marziou, A. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5ac5d7aez174dz4164z86fbze535a2a8522a
Ferreira, V., Folgueira, C., Hitos, A. B., Lorenzo, Á. M.-S., Estévez‐Salguero, Á., Porteiro, B., Davis, R. J., López, M., Sabio, G., Rada, P., et al. (2026) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2026.104286
Self-citationBindingDB Entry 5483: Discovery of potent and selective covalent inhibitors of JNK.
BindingDB (2012) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2k35s8x
Metadata
- Authors
- Sabio, G., & Davis, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Roger J.
- Venue
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 490-496
- ISSN
- 0968-0004 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2975251
- OpenAlex
- W2123557018
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA065861, R01CA065861)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P01DK080665, P30DK032520, DK080665, P30-DK32520)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS054948, R01NS054948)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- JNK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, insulin resistance, obesity, high-fat diet, metabolic regulation, lipid metabolism, gene expression regulation, cytokine production, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diet, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review