Macrophage-specific PPARγ controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
Obesity and insulin resistance, the cardinal features of metabolic syndrome, are closely associated with a state of low-grade inflammation. In adipose tissue chronic overnutrition leads to macrophage infiltration, resulting in local inflammation that potentiates insulin resistance. For instance, transgenic expression of Mcp1 (also known as chemokine ligand 2, Ccl2) in adipose tissue increases macrophage infiltration, inflammation and insulin resistance. Conversely, disruption of Mcp1 or its receptor Ccr2 impairs migration of macrophages into adipose tissue, thereby lowering adipose tissue inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity. These findings together suggest a correlation between macrophage content in adipose tissue and insulin resistance. However, resident macrophages in tissues display tremendous heterogeneity in their activities and functions, primarily reflecting their local metabolic and immune microenvironment. While Mcp1 directs recruitment of pro-inflammatory classically activated macrophages to sites of tissue damage, resident macrophages, such as those present in the adipose tissue of lean mice, display the alternatively activated phenotype. Despite their higher capacity to repair tissue, the precise role of alternatively activated macrophages in obesity-induced insulin resistance remains unknown. Using mice with macrophage-specific deletion of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), we show here that PPARgamma is required for maturation of alternatively activated macrophages. Disruption of PPARgamma in myeloid cells impairs alternative macrophage activation, and predisposes these animals to development of diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, gene expression profiling revealed that downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation gene expression in skeletal muscle and liver leads to decreased insulin sensitivity in these tissues. Together, our findings suggest that resident alternatively activated macrophages have a beneficial role in regulating nutrient homeostasis and suggest that macrophage polarization towards the alternative state might be a useful strategy for treating type 2 diabetes.
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STAT1 and IRF5 are involved in M1 polarization/maintenance; STAT6, IRF4, CREB-C/EBPβ, and PPARγ are involved in M2 polarization/maintenance.
“Specifically, STAT1 and IRF5 have been shown to be involved in polarization and maintenance of an M1 phenotype while STAT6, IRF4, CREB-C/EBPβ, and PPARγ are involved in polarization and maintenance of an M2 phenotype [23–30].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
PPARγ deficient mice exhibit impaired M2 macrophage function and susceptibility to diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
“Studies in PPARγ deficient mice exhibit impaired M2 macrophage function and susceptibility to diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance [29,65–67].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In normal non-obese subjects, ATMs have a polarized M2 phenotype with increased STAT6 and PPARγ expression.
“In normal, non-obese subjects ATMs have a polarized M2 phenotype characterized by increased baseline STAT6 and PPARγ expression [29].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
The PPARγ nuclear receptor appears necessary for maturation of alternatively activated macrophages.
“Importantly, the PPARγ nuclear receptor appears to be required for the maturation of alternatively activated macrophages (112, 113).”
From Insulin sensitivity: Modulation by nutrients and inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [113]
These proinflammatory macrophages are implicated in the development of insulin resistance.
“Accordingly, because of their proinflammatory properties, these macrophages are implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (103, 105, 112, 113).”
From Insulin sensitivity: Modulation by nutrients and inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [113]
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BackgroundInfluentialAlternative M2 Activation of Kupffer Cells by PPARδ Ameliorates Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance
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- Authors
- Odegaard, J. I., Ricardo-Gonzalez, R. R., Goforth, M. H., Morel, C. R., Subramanian, V., Mukundan, L., Eagle, A. R., Vats, D., Brombacher, F., Ferrante, A. W., & Chawla, A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Chawla, Ajay
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-05-21
- Volume
- 447
- Issue
- 7148
- Pages
- 1116-1120
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2587297
- OpenAlex
- W2167485774
- Cited by
- 2,107
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 132 · 2014: 124 · 2013: 151 · 2012: 125
- FWCI
- 36.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL076746)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (F31AI066402, T32AI007290)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K08DK062386, R01DK076760, R01DK066525)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- PPARγ, macrophage polarization, alternative activation, insulin resistance, obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, CCR2, diet-induced obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, oxidative phosphorylation, skeletal muscle, liver, type 2 diabetes, myeloid cells, nutrient homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Cell Line, Dietary Fats, Glucose, Homeostasis, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Organ Size, Weight Gain, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, Leishmania major, Mice, Knockout, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, PPAR gamma, Mice, Adiponectin
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