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On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments
Open accessAbstract
Building on the model of Russell and Hall for the emergence of life at a warm submarine hydrothermal vent, we suggest that, within a hydrothermally formed system of contiguous iron-sulfide (FeS) compartments, populations of virus-like RNA molecules, which eventually encoded one or a few proteins each, became the agents of both variation and selection. The initial darwinian selection was for molecular self-replication. Combinatorial sorting of genetic elements among compartments would have resulted in preferred proliferation and selection of increasingly complex molecular ensembles--those compartment contents that achieved replication advantages. The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) we propose was not free-living but an inorganically housed assemblage of expressed and replicable genetic elements. The evolution of the enzymatic systems for (i) DNA replication; and (ii) membrane and cell wall biosynthesis, enabled independent escape of the first archaebacterial and eubacterial cells from their hydrothermal hatchery, within which the LUCA itself remained confined.
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“This early evolution necessarily involved competition between ensembles of virus-like genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives (43, 75, 76).”
From Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In short, the microchambers of alkaline hydrothermal vent systems meet all the basic requirements for a venue for the origin and development of life [94,95].”
From Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
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In the citing paper
“That dichotomy is also mirrored by a number of other cellular, molecular and gene homology attributes, indicating that the deepest, most ancient split in the prokaryotic world is that separating eubacteria from archaebacteria [111,116,122].”
From Early bioenergetic evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [116]
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“We think all the developments up to this point took place in a vent microchamber complex [95].”
From Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“This early evolution is thought to have involved competition between ensembles of “virus-like” genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives [30,31,32].”
From Frozen Accident Pushing 50: Stereochemistry, Expansion, and Chance in the Evolution of the Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Taken at face value, these data suggest that cellularization, in the sense of being encapsulated in such a way that enabled full autonomy, evolved after LUCA [50,64] (Table 1, criterion 5).”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Top-down data also indicate that a complex metabolism predated ribozymes and enzymes, and that full cellular autonomy and motility occurred post-LUCA.”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Under the microchamber complex scenario this divergence occurred within the ancestral microchamber complex [50,64].”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Archaea and Bacteria use unrelated pathways to synthesize chemically distinct membrane phospholipids; therefore, it has been proposed that LUCA did not use phospholipids in its membrane, and may have used mineral structure as a means of compartmentation or been totally acellular (Koonin and Martin 2005;Koga et al. 1998).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Koonin and Martin 2005
In the citing paper
“Archaea and Bacteria use unrelated pathways to synthesize chemically distinct membrane phospholipids; therefore, it has been proposed that LUCA did not use phospholipids in its membrane, and may have used mineral structure as a means of compartmentation or been totally acellular (Koonin and Martin 2005;Koga et al. 1998).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Koonin and Martin 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Koonin, E. V., & Martin, W.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Koonin, Eugene V.
- Venue
- Trends in Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 647-654
- ISSN
- 0168-9525 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7172762
- OpenAlex
- W2141847401
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- origin of life, hydrothermal vents, Darwinian selection, last universal common ancestor, compartmentalization, membrane biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, archaea, eubacteria, origin of cells
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, DNA, RNA, Genome, Bacterial, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Archaeal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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