The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments
Open accessAbstract
Building on the model of Russell and Hall for the emergence of life at a warm submarine hydrothermal vent, we suggest that, within a hydrothermally formed system of contiguous iron-sulfide (FeS) compartments, populations of virus-like RNA molecules, which eventually encoded one or a few proteins each, became the agents of both variation and selection. The initial darwinian selection was for molecular self-replication. Combinatorial sorting of genetic elements among compartments would have resulted in preferred proliferation and selection of increasingly complex molecular ensembles--those compartment contents that achieved replication advantages. The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) we propose was not free-living but an inorganically housed assemblage of expressed and replicable genetic elements. The evolution of the enzymatic systems for (i) DNA replication; and (ii) membrane and cell wall biosynthesis, enabled independent escape of the first archaebacterial and eubacterial cells from their hydrothermal hatchery, within which the LUCA itself remained confined.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This early evolution necessarily involved competition between ensembles of virus-like genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives (43, 75, 76).”
From Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In short, the microchambers of alkaline hydrothermal vent systems meet all the basic requirements for a venue for the origin and development of life [94,95].”
From Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“That dichotomy is also mirrored by a number of other cellular, molecular and gene homology attributes, indicating that the deepest, most ancient split in the prokaryotic world is that separating eubacteria from archaebacteria [111,116,122].”
From Early bioenergetic evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [116]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We think all the developments up to this point took place in a vent microchamber complex [95].”
From Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“This early evolution is thought to have involved competition between ensembles of “virus-like” genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives [30,31,32].”
From Frozen Accident Pushing 50: Stereochemistry, Expansion, and Chance in the Evolution of the Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Taken at face value, these data suggest that cellularization, in the sense of being encapsulated in such a way that enabled full autonomy, evolved after LUCA [50,64] (Table 1, criterion 5).”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Top-down data also indicate that a complex metabolism predated ribozymes and enzymes, and that full cellular autonomy and motility occurred post-LUCA.”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Under the microchamber complex scenario this divergence occurred within the ancestral microchamber complex [50,64].”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Archaea and Bacteria use unrelated pathways to synthesize chemically distinct membrane phospholipids; therefore, it has been proposed that LUCA did not use phospholipids in its membrane, and may have used mineral structure as a means of compartmentation or been totally acellular (Koonin and Martin 2005;Koga et al. 1998).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Koonin and Martin 2005
In the citing paper
“Archaea and Bacteria use unrelated pathways to synthesize chemically distinct membrane phospholipids; therefore, it has been proposed that LUCA did not use phospholipids in its membrane, and may have used mineral structure as a means of compartmentation or been totally acellular (Koonin and Martin 2005;Koga et al. 1998).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Koonin and Martin 2005
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization
Eigen, M., & Schuster, P. M. (1979) · Cited by 1,906
A principle of natural self-organization: Part A: Emergence of the hypercycle
Eigen, M., & Schuster, P. (1977) · Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00450633 · Cited by 1,752
A Serpentinite-Hosted Ecosystem: The Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Früh-Green, G. L., Yoerger, D. R., Shank, T. M., Butterfield, D. A., Hayes, J. M., Schrenk, M. O., Olson, E. J., Proskurowski, G., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102556 · Cited by 1,288
The Hydrogen Hypothesis for the First Eukaryote
Martin, W., & Müller, M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32096 · Cited by 1,282
Self-citationSnijder, E. J., Bredenbeek, P. J., Dobbe, J. C., Thiel, V., Ziebuhr, J., Poon, L. L. M., Guan, Y., Rozanov, M. N., Spaan, W. J. M., & Gorbalenya, A. E. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00865-9 · Cited by 1,188
An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30° N
Party, T. A.-6. S., Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Blackman, D. K., Früh-Green, G. L., Butterfield, D. A., Lilley, M. D., Olson, E. J., Schrenk, M. O., Roe, K. K., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084000 · Cited by 1,168
Woese, C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6854 · Cited by 1,053
A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes
Mushegian, A. R., & Koonin, E. V. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.19.10268 · Cited by 916
Self-citationMartin, W., & Russell, M. J. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183 · Cited by 856
Self-citationThe emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front
RUSSELL, M. J., & HALL, A. J. (1997) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.3.0377 · Cited by 822
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Penny, D. An interpretative review of the origin of life research. Biol. Philos. (in press)
- Altstein, 1987, Origin of the genetic system, Mol. Biol., 21, 309
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 404
Physical aspects of origins of life scenarios
Blokhuis, A. W. P. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6cda43e2za86ez4758z9553zae340bcda014 · Cited by 3
Emergent Complexity in Conway’s Game of Life
Gotts, N. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-217-9_20 · Cited by 1
Theoretical perspective on synthetic man‐made life: Learning from the origin of life
Lu, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Qiu, W., Zhou, L., Xiao, H. J., Liu, C., Tang, S., Qin, Z., Jiang, J., et al. (2023) · Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1002/qub2.22 · Cited by 1
Concepts of Horizontal Gene Transfer at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries
Shchit, I. Y., & Kuznetsov, A. V. (2025) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795425700176 · Cited by 1
McMinn, A., Liang, Y., Wang, Z., & Wang, M. (2026) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v18040457 · Cited by 1
Experimental evolution toward extinction in a molecular host–parasite system
Yukawa, K., Yoshiyama, T., Mizuuchi, R., & Ichihashi, N. (2026) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msag084 · Cited by 1
Functional abiotic metabolite assembly hypothesis for the early events in the origin of life
Chakraborty, P., Yuan, C., Levkovich, S. A., Bar‐Yosef, D. L., Yan, X., & Gazit, E. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-77921-2 · Cited by 1
A Model for the Emergence of Coded Life
Agmon, I., & Mor, T. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26841-5_8 · Cited by 1
A note on random catalytic branching processes
Steel, M., & Kauffman, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.024 · Cited by 1
Theoretical Chemistry Answers Bimolecular Signaling Debate in [4Fe4S] Proteins
Goodpaster, J. D. (2019) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2018.12.022 · Cited by 1
Mierke, C. T. (2020) · Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58532-7_11 · Cited by 1
Vörös, D., Czárán, T., Szilágyi, A., & Könnyű, B. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07841-2 · Cited by 1
The origin and evolution of life as continuing expansion of viral hosts
Nemchinov, L. G. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105609 · Cited by 2
From Ionizing Radiation to Photosynthesis
Melkozernov, A. N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1148-6_13 · Cited by 1
Anderson, R. E., Brazelton, W. J., & Baross, J. A. (2013) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781501508318-022 · Cited by 1
The Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Churince Lagoon at Cuatro Cienegas Basin
Zapata‐Peñasco, I., Bautista-López, S., & Souza, V. (2018) · Cuatro ciénegas basin: an endangered hyperdiverse oasis · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95855-2_8 · Cited by 1
Ligrone, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16057-9_3 · Cited by 1
Searching for Extraterrestrial Life Without a Definition or Universal Theory of Life
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.009 · Cited by 1
Challenges for a Universal Theory of Life
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.006 · Cited by 1
Koonin, E. V., Wolf, Y. I., & Katsnelson, M. I. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90752-1.00004-3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLUCA – letzter gemeinsamer Vorfahre allen Lebens
Mulkidjanian, A. Y., & Lankenau, D. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527653935.ch7
Koonin, E. V. (2007) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.q-bio/0701023 · Cited by 1
Self-citationVirus evolution : the emergence of new ideas (and re-emergence of old ones)Preprint
Claverie, J. (2006) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.q-bio/0604034 · Cited by 1
Hyperthermophilic biogenesis and early biospheric evolution
Piontkivska, H., SCHWARTZMAN, D. W., & Lineweaver, C. H. (2006) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1452 · Cited by 1
Theoretical and Computer Modeling of Evolution of Autocatalytic Systems in a Flow Reactor
Барцев, С. И., & Mezhevikin, V. V. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68656-1_8 · Cited by 1
ten-Caten, F. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.95.2019.tde-17042019-143232 · Cited by 1
Extremophiles and Horizontal Gene Transfer: Clues to the Emergence of Life
Jheeta, S. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119593096.ch16 · Cited by 1
Mukouyama, Y., & Nakato, Y. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13332458.v1 · Cited by 1
The Underappreciated Role of Reproductively Lethal Mutations in the Evolution of Living BeingsPreprint
Qu, F., Khemsom, K., Carvalho, C. P., & Han, J. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2051.v1
Forterre, P. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394351848.ch3 · Cited by 1
Song, J., & Miao, L. (2012) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2012.6773.1 · Cited by 1
Viewpoint: Chemical Synthesis in Small Spaces
Kuksenok, O. (2014)
Comparative genomics and early cell evolution
Lazcano, A. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511933875.019
SURVEY AND SUMMARY Darwinian evolution in the light of genomics
Koonin, E. V. (2009)
Self-citationHOW A NEW ENTITY, WE DUBBED INFORMATION, HAS EMERGED
Mitrokhin, Y. (2015) · International Electronic Conference on Entropy and Its Applications (ECEA) · doi:10.3390/ecea-2-c009
Evolution, Selection and the Metabolic Foundations of the RNA World.
Pratt, A. J. (2010) · Artificial Life
Experimental Search for Minimal Organisms and the Last Universal Common Ancestor
Smith, E., Morowitz, H. J., & Srinivasan, V. (2006)
Membrane bioenergetics at major transitions in evolution
Martinez, V. S. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
THE ORIGIN AND EXTENT OF NATURAL LIFE
Bedau, M. A., & Cleland, C. E. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511730191.011
Evolutionary Conserved Protein Features From Analysis of Virus ShapesPreprint
Božič, A., Šiber, A., & Podgornik, R. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Magnetism, Russell-FeS 'bubbles', and a Quantum Coherent AncestorPreprint
Mitra-Delmotte, G., & Mitra, A. N. (2008) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Transient Compartmentalization dynamics in the presence of mutations and noisePreprint
Blokhuis, A. W. P., Nghe, P., Peliti, L., & Lacoste, D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/521211
Bioinformatics of genome evolution: from ancestral to modern metabolism
Fondi, M. (2011) · Premio Tesi dottorato/Premio Tesi di dottorato · doi:10.36253/978-88-6655-045-7
Prebiological Organization of Molecules in Models and in the Matter of the Origin of Life
Zhogol, R. A., & . (2018) · International Journal of Engineering & Technology · doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.17044
Ursprung und Evolution des Lebendigen
Janjic, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59492-6_3
Subexponential replicator dynamics and the principle of minimal Tsallis information gain
Kareva, I., & Karev, G. P. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814368-1.00009-6
A testable hypothesis on the possible role of electron spin in the origin of bio-homochiralityPreprint
Wang, W. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.03532 · Cited by 2
A Shadow Biosphere: Alien Microbes on Earth?
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.010
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.002
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.003
How Scientific Theories Develop
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.005
Heams, T. (2021) · Arts et sciences · doi:10.21494/iste.op.2021.0706
Rethinking the Traditional Paradigm for Life: Lessons from the World of Microbes
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.007
Artificial Life: Could ALife Solve theN = 1N=1 Problem?
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.008
Ewolucjonizm darwinowski w świetle genomiki
Koonin, E. V. (2021) · Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy · doi:10.53763/fag.2018.15.154
Self-citationUnderstanding emergent functional properties in self replicating systems
Ottelé, J. (2021) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.182238948
Yakimov, M. M. (2021) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.738661575.793583436
Mukouyama, Y., Tanaka, K., Nakanishi, S., & Nakato, Y. (2022) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-r3lqh-v5
Singh, P., Ray, K., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (2022) · Studies in Rhythm Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9677-0_1
Sharov, A. A., & Tønnessen, M. (2021) · Biosemiotics/Biosemiotics. Bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89484-9_5
Spier, F. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444323498.biblio
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822655-1.16001-5
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.001
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.011
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.012
Mukouyama, Y., Tanaka, K., Nakanishi, S., & Nakato, Y. (2022) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-r3lqh-v6
Mukouyama, Y., Tanaka, K., Nakanishi, S., & Nakato, Y. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-r3lqh-v4
Mukouyama, Y., & Nakato, Y. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13332458
Mukouyama, Y., & Nakato, Y. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13332458.v2
Penzlin, H. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37461-6_2
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814368-1.09992-6
Momtazmanesh, S., & Rezaei, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00084-7
(2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088794-1/50015-x
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893.013
Penzlin, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48128-8_3
Mukouyama, Y., Tanaka, K., Nakanishi, S., & Nakato, Y. (2022) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-r3lqh-v8
Mukouyama, Y., Tanaka, K., Nakanishi, S., & Nakato, Y. (2022) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-r3lqh-v7
Dynamic Self-organization in an Open Reaction Network: A Principle for the Emergence of LifePreprint
Nakato, Y. (2022) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-r3lqh-v9
Mukouyama, Y., & Nakato, Y. (2023) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.202200847 · Cited by 1
Joseph, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95717-5.00011-6
Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Viral Diseases
Raza, M. K., & Karges, J. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2851
Ferguson, K. (2023) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-023-00660-2
Barbieri, M. (2024) · Biosemiotics/Biosemiotics. Bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58484-8_7
Piast, R. W. (2024) · Theory in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12064-024-00417-4
Gordon, R., Singh, S. R. V., Katyal, K., Gordon, N. K., & Deamer, D. W. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119901228.ch6
A Survey of the Battlefield for the Origin of Life
(2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119901228.ch11
A Review of the Archaea First Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
Gordon, R. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119901228.ch9
Prebiological Evolution and Organic Compounds in Carbonaceous Chondrites, Comets and Cosmic Dust
Afanasyieva, A. N., Kapralov, M. I., Saprykin, E. A., Snytnikov, V. N., Frontasyeva, M. V., Tselmovich, V. A., & Hoover, R. B. (2024) · Paleontological Journal · doi:10.1134/s0031030124601397
The origins of viruses: evolutionary dynamics of the escape hypothesis
O’Brien, J. T., George, A. M., & Bonsall, M. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Virology · doi:10.3389/fviro.2025.1555137
Sumanarathna, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Eco Astronomy · doi:10.63119/jea09.2019
From Myths to Molecules: A History for the Origins of Life in Earth
Prosdocimi, F., & de Farías, S. T. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15750-9.00110-5 · Cited by 1
A stoichiometric selection advantage of DNA genomes over RNA genomesPreprint
Yu, R. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683889
Reassessing Viral Origins: From Escaped Genes to Degenerated Microbes
Borger, P. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14121205
Antagonistic effects of amino acids support abiotic nano-environments in clay
Bezaly, O. R., King, H. E., & Petrignani, A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-41502-6 · Cited by 1
Pape, P. L., Baptiste, B., Radtke, G., Cabaret, D., Aufort, J., Brest, J., Baya, C., Elkaı̈m, E., Ona-Nguéma, G., Juillot, F., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Mineralogy · doi:10.5194/ejm-38-135-2026
Formation et régulation du complexe polymérase du virus de la rougeole
Bloyet, L.-M. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/39007b42zbb49z41b5zb5ffz4d00c60c4b16
Metadata
- Authors
- Koonin, E. V., & Martin, W.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Koonin, Eugene V.
- Venue
- Trends in Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 647-654
- ISSN
- 0168-9525 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7172762
- OpenAlex
- W2141847401
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- origin of life, hydrothermal vents, Darwinian selection, last universal common ancestor, compartmentalization, membrane biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, archaea, eubacteria, origin of cells
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, DNA, RNA, Genome, Bacterial, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Archaeal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
