Cited by 406Origins and Evolution of LifeEvolution and Genetic DynamicsRNA and protein synthesis mechanisms

On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments

Open access
Koonin, Eugene V., Martin, William·2005·Trends in Genetics

Abstract

Building on the model of Russell and Hall for the emergence of life at a warm submarine hydrothermal vent, we suggest that, within a hydrothermally formed system of contiguous iron-sulfide (FeS) compartments, populations of virus-like RNA molecules, which eventually encoded one or a few proteins each, became the agents of both variation and selection. The initial darwinian selection was for molecular self-replication. Combinatorial sorting of genetic elements among compartments would have resulted in preferred proliferation and selection of increasingly complex molecular ensembles--those compartment contents that achieved replication advantages. The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) we propose was not free-living but an inorganically housed assemblage of expressed and replicable genetic elements. The evolution of the enzymatic systems for (i) DNA replication; and (ii) membrane and cell wall biosynthesis, enabled independent escape of the first archaebacterial and eubacterial cells from their hydrothermal hatchery, within which the LUCA itself remained confined.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.tig.2005.09.006

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Early evolution necessarily involved competition between ensembles of virus-like genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives.

    “This early evolution necessarily involved competition between ensembles of virus-like genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives (43, 75, 76).”

    From Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [43]

    The “Selfish cooperatives” section describes competition among genetic elements and selection of successful compartment-level ensembles. But the paper presents this as a proposed model, not as a necessary feature of all early evolution; the claim’s unqualified “necessarily” overstates it. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The microchambers of alkaline hydrothermal vent systems meet all the basic requirements for a venue for the origin and development of life.

    “In short, the microchambers of alkaline hydrothermal vent systems meet all the basic requirements for a venue for the origin and development of life [94,95].”

    From Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell (2024) · cites this paper as [95]

    In “The case for a LUCA confined within a network of inorganic compartments” (page unavailable), the authors argue that warm hydrothermal iron-sulfide compartments could meet the demands of life's emergence by concentrating building blocks, catalyzing reactions, and supplying energy. Our copy does not identify the proposed vents as alkaline, and presents their suitability as a plausible hypothesis rather than an established finding that such systems meet all requirements. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The deepest, most ancient split in the prokaryotic world is that separating eubacteria from archaebacteria.

    “That dichotomy is also mirrored by a number of other cellular, molecular and gene homology attributes, indicating that the deepest, most ancient split in the prokaryotic world is that separating eubacteria from archaebacteria [111,116,122].”

    From Early bioenergetic evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [116]

  • All the developments up to this point took place in a vent microchamber complex.

    “We think all the developments up to this point took place in a vent microchamber complex [95].”
  • Early pre-cellular evolution involved competition between ensembles of virus-like genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives.

    “This early evolution is thought to have involved competition between ensembles of “virus-like” genetic elements and selection at the level of such collectives [30,31,32].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [13]Penny, D. An interpretative review of the origin of life research. Biol. Philos. (in press)

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Koonin, E. V., & Martin, W.
Affiliations
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
Corresponding author
Koonin, Eugene V.
Venue
Trends in Genetics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-12
Volume
21
Issue
12
Pages
647-654
ISSN
0168-9525 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2141847401
Cited by
406
References
87
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 25
FWCI
2.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Trends in Genetics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Keywords
origin of life, hydrothermal vents, Darwinian selection, last universal common ancestor, compartmentalization, membrane biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, archaea, eubacteria, origin of cells
MeSH terms
Origin of Life, DNA, RNA, Genome, Bacterial, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Archaeal

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review