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Cited by 61Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

Phthalate metabolites concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal urine: Cumulative exposure and risk assessment

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Katsikantami, Ioanna, Tzatzarakis, Manolis N., Alegakis, Athanasios K., Karzi, Vasiliki, Hatzidaki, Eleftheria, Stavroulaki, Athina, Vakonaki, Elena, Xezonaki, Pelagia +3 more·2020·Toxicology Reports
DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.008PMC PMC7186561
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Abstract

Phthalates are used in industry as plasticizers or additives in everyday products and they have been considered as endocrine disrupting chemicals. Maternal exposure during pregnancy has been associated with neonatal exposure, preterm birth and impacts in the reproductive and respiratory systems. The aim of this study is to determine six phthalate metabolites (mono isobutyl phthalate, miBP, mono n-butyl phthalate, mnBP, mono benzyl phthalate, mBzP, mono ethylhexyl phthalate, mEHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, mEHHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl-phthalate, mEOHP) in amniotic fluid and urine from 100 pregnant women. Participants answered questionnaires for the use of plastics and cosmetics, dietary habits, health effects, pregnancy problems, health and infant development. Positive amniotic fluid samples ranged from 1% to 21% and urine from 27% to 54%. The median levels for amniotic fluid were 2.3 μg/L - 10.7 μg/L and for urine 4.9 μg/L - 46.7 μg/L. The major results include significant correlations between urinary phthalates indicating their common sources of exposure, the frequent use of deodorant was significantly associated with higher urinary miBP (p = 0.050) and mnBP (p = 0.028) and a weak inverse association was found for the use of make-up products with mBzP (p = 0.053). The frequent use of plastic food containers was significantly associated with urinary mEHP (p = 0.026), and a positive trend was noticed for mEHP in amniotic fluid (p = 0.093). An association although weak was found between urinary mEHP and lower birth length (rs = 0.396, p = 0.062). No other associations were found for infant health problems or development. The daily intake of the total phthalates was calculated 5.4 μg/kg body weight/day which corresponds to hazard index 0.10 and exposure follows the declining trend that has been observed the last decades.

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  • Fetal exposure to phthalates and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals during gestation is confirmed by analyses of maternal biological matrices and amniotic fluid.

    “Analyses of maternal biological matrices and amniotic fluid confirm fetal exposure to phthalates and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals during gestation [85].”

    From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [85]

    The Introduction states that the study analyzed maternal urine and amniotic fluid for six phthalate metabolites to estimate maternal and fetal exposure; the Results report detections in both matrices (page numbers unavailable). This supports the claim for phthalates, but the study did not analyze other endocrine-disrupting chemicals in those samples. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Katsikantami, I., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Alegakis, A. K., Karzi, V., Hatzidaki, E., Stavroulaki, A., Vakonaki, E., Xezonaki, P., Sifakis, S., Rizos, A. K., & Tsatsakis, A. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Crete (GR)
  • University Hospital of Heraklion (GR)
  • Mitera Hospital (GR)
Corresponding author
  • Tzatzarakis, Manolis N.
  • Rizos, Apostolos K.
  • Tsatsakis, Aristidis M.
ORCID
Venue
Toxicology Reports
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020
Volume
7
Pages
529-538
ISSN
2214-7500 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.008
PMC
PMC7186561
OpenAlex
W3017371656
Cited by
61
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3
FWCI
2.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Toxicology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • European Commission
  • University of Crete (3963, 4920)
  • European Social Fund
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords
phthalate metabolites, amniotic fluid, maternal urine, prenatal exposure, endocrine disruptors, plasticizers, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, plastic food containers, birth length, daily intake, hazard index, cumulative exposure, risk assessment

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