Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Infant Formulas and Baby Food: Legislation and Risk Assessments
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Human milk is the healthiest option for newborns, although, under specific circumstances, infant formula is a precious alternative for feeding the baby. Except for the nutritional content, infant formulas and baby food must be pollutant-free. Thus, their composition is controlled by continuous monitoring and regulated by establishing upper limits and guideline values for safe exposure. Legislation differs worldwide, although there are standard policies and strategies for protecting vulnerable infants. This work presents current regulations and directives for restricting endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent organic pollutants in infant formulas. Risk assessment studies, which are limited, are necessary to depict exposure variations and assess the health risks for infants from dietary exposure to pollutants.
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EDCs and persistent organic pollutants are detectable in infant formulas and baby foods, indicating continued exposure beyond the intrauterine period.
“Regulatory and dietary risk-assessment studies further demonstrate that endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent organic pollutants are detectable in infant formulas and baby foods, indicating continued exposure beyond the intrauterine period and supporting continuity of exposure across early developmental stages [79].”
From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
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Estimation of lactating mothers’ daily intakes of bisphenol A using breast milk
Gao, Q., Niu, Y., Wang, B., Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., & Shao, B. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117545 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Assessing infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants via dietary intake in Australia
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Infant Formulas: Evidence of the Absence of Pesticide Residues
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Endocrine Disruptors in Baby Formulas: A Literature Review
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Phthalates Should Be Regulated as a Class to Protect the Brains of Our Children
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Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 105 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Authors
- Hatzidaki, E., Pagkalou, M., Katsikantami, I., Vakonaki, E., Kavvalakis, M., Tsatsakis, A. M., & Tzatzarakis, M. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Crete (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Katsikantami, Ioanna
- Kavvalakis, Matthaios
- ORCID
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-04-19
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1697
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10137371
- OpenAlex
- W4366548183
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Keywords
- endocrine disruptors, persistent organic pollutants, infant formula, baby food, food safety regulation, dietary exposure, infant health risk, exposure limits, food contamination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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