Determination of prenatal exposure to parabens and triclosan and estimation of maternal and fetal burden
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BACKGROUND: Parabens (PBs) and triclosan (TCS) are generally used as antimicrobials mostly in personal care products. Their wide prevalence in daily products raised an acute need for the biomonitoring of these contaminants and the investigation of possible health impacts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study we aimed to quantitatively determine PBs and TCS levels in urine and amniotic fluid samples using a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry system (LC-MS). Ninety nine (99) pregnant women took part in this research. The samples were collected during the amniocentesis in the early second trimester of their pregnancy. Women of all ages, education, household income and profession were selected. The exposure and the burden of pregnant women and their infants were also evaluated. RESULTS: The most prevalent compound in urine, among the analyzed, was TCS with 74.7 % positive samples while in amniotic fluid methyl paraben (MePB) with 21.2 % positive samples. MePB was detected at higher concentrations in urine (mean: 378.5 ng/mL) followed by TCS (mean: 55.3 ng/mL), ethyl paraben (EtPB) (mean: 23.2 ng/mL) and butyl paraben (BuPB) (mean: 2.3 ng/mL) while benzyl paraben (BePB) was not detected in any urine sample. Concentrations in amniotic fluid samples were much lower. In particular, the mean concentrations were 6.6 ng/mL for MePB, 9.2 ng/mL for EtPB, 0.4 ng/mL for BuPB, 0.6 ng/mL for BePB and 1.8 ng/mL for TCS. The detected levels of all analytes in urine were correlated with those in amniotic fluid but no statistically significant results arose (p >n0.05). Negative associations were observed between amniotic fluid levels of MePB and maternal age (p = 0.05) while both urinary and amniotic levels of TCS were correlated with maternal BMI (p = 0.04). Somatometric characteristics of the infants showed no statistical significant associations with the detected levels of PBs and TCS. CONCLUSION: This study indicated a strong/possible association between exposure of pregnant women to TCS and higher/lower maternal body weight gain during pregnancy. The same trend was observed between amniotic fluid MePB levels and maternal age. However, no statistically significant associations were observed between neonatal somatometric characteristics or health status and PBs and TCS levels.
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Transplacental transfer of endocrine-disrupting compounds, including parabens and triclosan, has been demonstrated, confirming measurable fetal chemical burden during critical developmental windows of pregnancy.
“Complementary biomonitoring investigations have demonstrated transplacental transfer of endocrine-disrupting compounds, including parabens and triclosan, confirming measurable fetal chemical burden during critical developmental windows of pregnancy [78].”
From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Karzi, V., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Hatzidaki, E., Katsikantami, I., Alegakis, A., Vakonaki, E., Kalogeraki, A., Kouvidi, E., Xezonaki, P., Sifakis, S., & Rizos, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Crete (GR)
- University Hospital of Heraklion (GR)
- Mitera Hospital (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Tzatzarakis, Manolis N.
- Hatzidaki, Eleftheria
- ORCID
- Venue
- Toxicology Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 808-815
- ISSN
- 2214-7500 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8044871
- OpenAlex
- W3143744472
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxicology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- parabens, triclosan, prenatal exposure, maternal urinary biomarkers, amniotic fluid, methylparaben, ethylparaben, butylparaben, maternal age, maternal body mass index, personal care products, antimicrobial contaminants, biomonitoring, pregnancy, maternal body weight gain, LC-MS
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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