The Climate Change Mitigation Effects of Daily Active Travel in Cities
Open accessAbstract
Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of personal transport. Yet its net effects on mobility-related CO2 emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected travel activity data in seven European cities and derived life cycle CO2 emissions across modes and purposes. Daily mobility-related life cycle CO2 emissions were 3.2 kgCO2 per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1%. Cyclists had 84% lower life cycle CO2 emissions than non-cyclists. Life cycle CO2 emissions decreased by −14% per additional cycling trip and decreased by −62% for each avoided car trip. An average person who ‘shifted travel modes’ from car to bike decreased life cycle CO2 emissions by 3.2 kgCO2/day. Promoting active travel should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet net zero carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also improving public health and quality of urban life.
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Active modes of transport are the cleanest forms of transportation and provide health benefits to users.
“These are the cleanest forms of transportation, and provide health benefits to users as well [93].”
From A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
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A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America
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“These are the cleanest forms of transportation, and provide health benefits to users as well [93].”
Background
- Authors
- Brand, C., Dons, E., Anaya-Boig, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Clark, A., de Nazelle, A., Gascon, M., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Gerike, R., Götschi, T., Iacorossi, F., Kahlmeier, S., Laeremans, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Pablo Orjuela, J., Racioppi, F., Raser, E., Rojas-Rueda, D., Standaert, A., Stigell, E., Sulikova, S., Wegener, S., & Int Panis, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (BE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Austrian Institute of Spatial Planning (AT)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Roma Servizi per la Mobilità (Italy) (IT)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (DK)
- Austrian Federal Railways (AT)
- BOKU University (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Brand, Christian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 93
- Pages
- 102764
- ISSN
- 1361-9209 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3135500412
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 26
- FWCI
- 32.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- EPSRC
- European Commission Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
- Keywords
- active travel, cycling, walking, life cycle CO2 emissions, modal shift, car travel, urban transport, climate change mitigation, net zero carbon, sustainable transport, European cities
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