Green Extraction Approach for Green Microalga Tetraselmis tetrahele: Enhanced Phenolic Yield and Bioactivity via Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae are gaining attention as promising natural sources of bioactives due to their rich nutrient content. This study investigates the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters (i.e., solvent composition, temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio, and time) on the extraction of phenolic compounds from Tetraselmis tetrahele. The UAE parameters were determined at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:75, a temperature of 25 °C, and an extraction time of 15 min with 75% ethanol as the solvent. Phenolic profile, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS, photosynthesis pigment (chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoid), anti-collagenase activity, and metabolic profile of Tetraselmis tetrahele extract obtained using UAE were determined. Tetraselmis tetrahele extracts obtained using the selected UAE method demonstrated significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels in gallic acid (1.81%), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7.0%), total phenolic content (84.0%), total flavonoid content (56.2%), ABTS (101.3%), chlorophyll a (119.4%), chlorophyll b (174.3%), total carotenoids (173.2%) and anti-collagenase activity (15.9%) compared to the maceration method. These findings provide UAE as a green and scalable method for maximizing the phenolic yield and support the application of Tetraselmis tetrahele in the development of high-value products across pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional food industries.
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Microalgae contain phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and peptides as bioactive compounds.
“Microalgae contain phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and peptides as bioactive compounds [65,66],”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [66]
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Advances in the development of microalgal biorefinery processes: The case of Tetraselmis suecica
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- Authors
- Mai, T., Rahman, N. A., Pang, S. Y., Tan, J. P., & Chew, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University Malaysia (MY)
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chew, Sook Chin
- Venue
- Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2026-04
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 107774
- ISSN
- 1350-4177 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12945581
- OpenAlex
- W7128620891
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 24.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Xiamen University (XMUMRF/2024-C14/ISFS/0001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- ultrasound-assisted extraction, phenolic compounds, green extraction, microalgae, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll, carotenoids, collagenase inhibition, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, extraction optimization, maceration comparison
- MeSH terms
- Ultrasonic Waves, Chlorophyta, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Chemical Fractionation, Phenols, Solvents, Temperature, Green Chemistry Technology, Microalgae
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