Cited by 4Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAlgal biology and biofuel production

Green Extraction Approach for Green Microalga Tetraselmis tetrahele: Enhanced Phenolic Yield and Bioactivity via Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

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Mai, Tao, Rahman, Norazira Abdu, Pang, Swee Yun, Tan, Jian Ping, Chew, Sook Chin·2026·Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Abstract

Microalgae are gaining attention as promising natural sources of bioactives due to their rich nutrient content. This study investigates the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters (i.e., solvent composition, temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio, and time) on the extraction of phenolic compounds from Tetraselmis tetrahele. The UAE parameters were determined at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:75, a temperature of 25 °C, and an extraction time of 15 min with 75% ethanol as the solvent. Phenolic profile, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS, photosynthesis pigment (chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoid), anti-collagenase activity, and metabolic profile of Tetraselmis tetrahele extract obtained using UAE were determined. Tetraselmis tetrahele extracts obtained using the selected UAE method demonstrated significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels in gallic acid (1.81%), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7.0%), total phenolic content (84.0%), total flavonoid content (56.2%), ABTS (101.3%), chlorophyll a (119.4%), chlorophyll b (174.3%), total carotenoids (173.2%) and anti-collagenase activity (15.9%) compared to the maceration method. These findings provide UAE as a green and scalable method for maximizing the phenolic yield and support the application of Tetraselmis tetrahele in the development of high-value products across pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional food industries.

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  1. [41]Laurora A. Lund M.N. Tiwari B.K. Poojary M.M. Application of ultrasound to obtain food additives and nutraceuticals Barba F.J. Cravotto G. Chemat F. Rodriguez J.M.L. Munekata P.E.S. Design and Optimization of Innovative Food Processing Techniques by Ultrasound 2021 Academic Press New York 111 141
  2. [45]Farahin A.W. Yusoff F.M. Nagao N. Basri M. Shariff M. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Tetraselmis tetrathele (West) butcher cultured in annular photobioreactor J. Environ. Biol. 37 2016 1959 631 639 28779721

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Authors
Mai, T., Rahman, N. A., Pang, S. Y., Tan, J. P., & Chew, S. C.
Affiliations
  • Xiamen University Malaysia (MY)
  • Xiamen University (CN)
Corresponding author
Chew, Sook Chin
Venue
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2026-04
Volume
127
Pages
107774
ISSN
1350-4177 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W7128620891
Cited by
4
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 4
FWCI
24.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Xiamen University (XMUMRF/2024-C14/ISFS/0001)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Keywords
ultrasound-assisted extraction, phenolic compounds, green extraction, microalgae, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll, carotenoids, collagenase inhibition, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, extraction optimization, maceration comparison
MeSH terms
Ultrasonic Waves, Chlorophyta, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Chemical Fractionation, Phenols, Solvents, Temperature, Green Chemistry Technology, Microalgae

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