The DOI matches its Crossref record; 80 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm - An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement
Abstract
Websites opposing vaccination are prevalent on the Internet. Web 2.0, defined by interaction and user-generated content, has become ubiquitous. Furthermore, a new postmodern paradigm of healthcare has emerged, where power has shifted from doctors to patients, the legitimacy of science is questioned, and expertise is redefined. Together this has created an environment where anti-vaccine activists are able to effectively spread their messages. Evidence shows that individuals turn to the Internet for vaccination advice, and suggests such sources can impact vaccination decisions - therefore it is likely that anti-vaccine websites can influence whether people vaccinate themselves or their children. This overview examines the types of rhetoric individuals may encounter online in order to better understand why the anti-vaccination movement can be convincing, despite lacking scientific support for their claims. Tactics and tropes commonly used to argue against vaccination are described. This includes actions such as skewing science, shifting hypotheses, censoring dissent, and attacking critics; also discussed are frequently made claims such as not being "anti-vaccine" but "pro-safe vaccines", that vaccines are toxic or unnatural, and more. Recognizing disingenuous claims made by the anti-vaccination movement is essential in order to critically evaluate the information and misinformation encountered online.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Parents who go to the Internet will find that some of the top “hits” for vaccine-related search terms are websites that propagate anti-vaccine conspiracy theories [14], [15].”
From The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Such attempts at intervention may therefore fail on people who are sympathetic to a variety of conspiracy claims [14], [15].”
From The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Wakefield, A., Murch, S., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A., Thomson, M., Harvey, P., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0 · Cited by 3,006
RetractedA postmodern Pandora's box: anti-vaccination misinformation on the internet
Kata, A. (2010) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022 · Cited by 1,208
Self-citationAutism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C., Petropoulos, M.-C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., & Waight, P. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01239-8 · Cited by 753
Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story
Gangarosa, E., Gałazka, A., Wolfe, C., Phillips, L., Miller, E., Chen, R., & Gangarosa, R. E. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)04334-1 · Cited by 749
YouTube as a Source of Information on Immunization: A Content Analysis
Keelan, J. E., Pavri-Garcia, V., TOMLINSON, G. A., & Wilson, K. R. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.21.2482 · Cited by 593
Factors Associated With Refusal of Childhood Vaccines Among Parents of School-aged Children
Salmon, D. A., Moulton, L. H., Omer, S. B., deHart, M. P., Stokley, S. K., & Halsey, N. A. (2005) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.5.470 · Cited by 514
Anti-vaccinationists past and present
Wolfe, R. M., & Sharp, L. K. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430 · Cited by 505
Parental vaccine safety concerns in 2009
Freed, G. L., Clark, S. J., Butchart, A. T., Singer, D. C., & Davis, M. M. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1962 · Cited by 503
The Influence of Vaccine-critical Websites on Perceiving Vaccination Risks
Betsch, C., Renkewitz, F., Betsch, T., & Ulshöfer, C. (2010) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309353647 · Cited by 493
Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites
Gerstenfeld, P. B., Grant, D. R., & Chiang, C. (2003) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2003.00013.x · Cited by 445
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999, Achievements in public health, 1900–1999 impact of vaccines universally recommended for children – United States, 1990–1998, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 48, 243
- Friedlander, 2001, Opposition to immunization: a pattern of deception, Sci Rev Altern Med, 5, 18
- Betsch, 2009, Langfristige Auswirkungen einer Informationssuche auf impfkritischen Internetseiten, Prävention, 32, 125
- Loe Fisher B. In the wake of vaccines. Mothering 2004; vol. 126 (September–October). http://www.trinitychiro.com/media/Mothering_Vaccine_Article.pdf. [Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5ydNaolTD].
- Sears RW. Is aluminum the new thimerosal? Mothering 2008; vol. 146 (January–February). http://www.whale.to/vaccine/sears.html. [Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5ydMwOrop].
- Age of Autism. Columbia University Press and Dr. Paul Offit Sued for Autism's False Prophets, http://www.ageofautism.com/2009/02/columbia-university-press-and-dr-paul-offit-sued-for-autisms-false-prophets.html; 2009 [accessed 20.04.11]. [Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5y5ucrMvQ].
- Wimer B, Emm JL, Bader D. Chickenpox party: developing natural varicella immunity. Mothering 2004; vol. 122 (January–February). http://www.whale.to/vaccine/wimer.html. [Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5ydfISM5W].
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dubé, È., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P. A., Roy, R., & Bettinger, J. A. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.24657 · Cited by 2,178
Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552 · Cited by 1,806
Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315697048 · Cited by 1,977
Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365 · Cited by 1,300
Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., & Böhm, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208601 · Cited by 1,276
“Depending on the information sources that are used, high calculation can lead to non-vaccination due to the high availability of anti-vaccination sources, for instance, in the internet [48].”
BackgroundMurphy, J., Vallières, F., Bentall, R. P., Shevlin, M. E., McBride, O., Hartman, T. K., McKay, R., Bennett, K. M., Mason, L., Miller, J. G., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9 · Cited by 1,331
The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions
Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 · Cited by 1,232
Puri, N., Coomes, E. A., Haghbayan, H., & Gunaratne, K. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846 · Cited by 1,229
Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19
Neumann‐Böhme, S., Varghese, N. E., Sabat, I., Barros, P. P., Brouwer, W. B. F., van Exel, J. N. A., Schreyögg, J., & Stargardt, T. (2020) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6 · Cited by 1,012
Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications
Dubé, È., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2014) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.964212 · Cited by 1,042
Statistical physics of vaccination
Wang, Z., Bauch, C. T., Bhattacharyya, S., d’Onofrio, A., Manfredi, P., Perc, M., Perra, N., Salathé, M., & Zhao, D. (2016) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.10.006 · Cited by 973
Chou, W. S., & Budenz, A. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1838096 · Cited by 673
Larson, H. J., Gakidou, E. E., & Murray, C. J. L. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2106441 · Cited by 516
The DARPA Twitter Bot Challenge
Subrahmanian, V. S., Azaria, A., Durst, S., Kagan, V., Galstyan, A., Lerman, K., Zhu, L., Ferrara, E., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2016) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2016.183 · Cited by 480
Vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in Europe: A qualitative study
Karafillakis, E., Dinca, I., Apfel, F., Cecconi, S., Würz, A., Takács, J., Suk, J. E., Celentano, L. P., Kramarz, P., & Larson, H. J. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.029 · Cited by 423
Fact-checking as risk communication: the multi-layered risk of misinformation in times of COVID-19
Krause, N. M., Freiling, I., Beets, B., & Brossard, D. (2020) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385 · Cited by 463
“Thus, as has happened with misinformation about vaccines, emotionally-flat “factchecks” about COVID-19 will struggle to win hearts and minds as they compete against misinformation that is replete with emotionally-stirring human interest stories (Kata 2012, Offit and Coffin 2003).”
BackgroundThe Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine
Hussain, A., Ali, A., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, S. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.2919 · Cited by 427
Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G. L., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2016) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/2872518.2890098 · Cited by 430
“The worrying consequences in the offline world [8, 22, 29, 23, 27, 7]; examples include rumors [18], false news [8, 23], hoaxes, and Hurricane Sandy, false reports that the New York Stocks Exchange had been flooded were corrected in less than an hour [36].”
BackgroundOpportunities and challenges of Web 2.0 for vaccination decisions
Betsch, C., Brewer, N. T., Brocard, P., Davies, P., Gaissmaier, W., Haase, N., Leask, J., Renkewitz, F., Renner, B., Reyna, V. F., et al. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.025 · Cited by 391
Using behavioral insights to increase vaccination policy effectiveness
Betsch, C., Böhm, R., & Chapman, G. B. (2015) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732215600716 · Cited by 378
“It is also important to note that the encoded information is not always correct, as several myths about vaccination circulate (e.g., about vaccine safety; Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundMotta, M., Callaghan, T., & Sylvester, S. M. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.032 · Cited by 357
Association of moral values with vaccine hesitancy
Amin, A. B., Bednarczyk, R. A., Ray, C. E., Melchiori, K. J., Graham, J., Huntsinger, J. R., & Omer, S. B. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0256-5 · Cited by 361
Myths and conspiracy theories on vaccines and COVID-19: Potential effect on global vaccine refusals
Ullah, I., Khan, K. S., Tahir, M. J., Ahmed, A., & Harapan, H. (2021) · Vacunas · doi:10.1016/j.vacun.2021.01.001 · Cited by 359
Contagious Diseases in the United States from 1888 to the Present
van Panhuis, W. G., Grefenstette, J. J., Jung, S. Y., Chok, N. S., Cross, A. P., Eng, H. F., Lee, B. Y., Zadorozhny, V., Brown, S. T., Cummings, D. A. T., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmms1215400 · Cited by 286
The Role of Epistemic Emotions in Personal Epistemology and Self-Regulated Learning
Muis, K. R., Chevrier, M., & Singh, C. A. (2018) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2017.1421465 · Cited by 314
“0, where self-authored, unregulated content continues to grow exponentially (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialVaccine hesitancy: understanding better to address better
Kumar, D., Chandra, R., Mathur, M., Samdariya, S., & Kapoor, N. (2016) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-016-0062-y · Cited by 270
Mapping the anti-vaccination movement on Facebook
Smith, N., & Graham, T. (2019) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2017.1418406 · Cited by 351
“However, the present literature on anti-vaccination is sporadic, limited (Kata, 2010; 2012), and is not often linked with broader sociological understanding of e-health practices.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis
Germani, F., & Biller-Andorno, N. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247642 · Cited by 316
RetractedNews media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement
Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Maksl, A. (2017) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/2057047317725539 · Cited by 261
“However, the prevalence of misinformation online, such as the conspiracy theory regarding a link between vaccines and autism, has the negative consequence of leading some people to avoid childhood vaccinations despite the widespread and well-documented benefits provided by vaccinations (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundBrowne, M., Thomson, P., Rockloff, M., & Pennycook, G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132562 · Cited by 249
“Some components of a belief system associated with CAM; including a post-modern worldview, a holistic orientation to health and spirituality, and valuing personal growth and self-expression [27]; have also been associated with negative attitudes towards vaccination [3,7].”
BackgroundTrust in Scientists on Climate Change and Vaccines
Hamilton, L. C., Hartter, J., & Saito, K. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015602752 · Cited by 241
Online misinformation and vaccine hesitancy
Garett, R., & Young, S. D. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab128 · Cited by 223
Investigating Italian parents' vaccine hesitancy: A cross-sectional survey
Napolitano, F., D'Alessandro, A., & Angelillo, I. F. (2018) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1463943 · Cited by 221
It’s not all about autism: The emerging landscape of anti-vaccination sentiment on Facebook
Hoffman, B. L., Felter, E. M., Chu, K., Shensa, A. S., Hermann, C., Wolynn, T. H., Williams, D., & Primack, B. A. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.003 · Cited by 222
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa: a scoping review
Ackah, B., Woo, M., Stallwood, L., Fazal, Z. A., Okpani, A. I., Ukah, U. V., & Adu, P. (2022) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1 · Cited by 218
Jones, A. M., Omer, S. B., Bednarczyk, R. A., Halsey, N. A., Moulton, L. H., & Salmon, D. A. (2012) · Advances in Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/932741 · Cited by 215
“Much of the Internet-based vaccine information that reaches parents contains antivaccine content [17–21], and this is often couched in scientific-sounding language to lend an air of legitimacy to the antivaccine messaging [21].”
BackgroundVaccine Rejection and Hesitancy: A Review and Call to Action
Smith, T. C. (2017) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx146 · Cited by 209
“However, scientists do not always know the rhetorical tricks and tactics [10] that vaccine rejectors and their leaders (see Table 2) frequently use; engaging them can be a mistake without understanding not only the science, but also the objections and references that vaccine rejectors may use.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCompton, J., van der Linden, S., Cook, J., & Basol, M. (2021) · Social & Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12602 · Cited by 184
Boosting Health Campaign Reach and Engagement Through Use of Social Media Influencers and Memes
Kostygina, G., Tran, H., Binns, S., Szczypka, G., Emery, S., Vallone, D., & Hair, E. C. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120912475 · Cited by 223
“…of broadcast and print media celebrity campaigns, celebrities can have a tremendous influence on individuals’ knowledge, attitudes, and decision-making behaviors, including those that affect health (Hoffman & Tan, 2013, 2015; Kata, 2012; Lee, 2013; Lum et al., 2008; Tanne, 2000; Viale, 2014).”
BackgroundOn pins and needles: How vaccines are portrayed on Pinterest
Guidry, J. P. D., Carlyle, K. E., Messner, M., & Jin, Y. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.064 · Cited by 202
Parent perspectives on childhood vaccination: How to deal with vaccine hesitancy and refusal?
Bianco, A., Mascaro, V., Zucco, R., & Pavía, M. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.062 · Cited by 196
Kwok, S. W. H., Vadde, S. K., & Wang, G. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26953 · Cited by 198
“Although antivaxxers proposed different rationales to oppose vaccination [41], the fact is that only vaccination has a history of successfully eradicating viral diseases such as smallpox [42].”
BackgroundAddressing the anti-vaccination movement and the role of HCWs
Tafuri, S., Gallone, M. S., Cappelli, M. G., Martinelli, D., Prato, R., & Germinario, C. A. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.006 · Cited by 193
Addressing vaccine hesitancy: Clinical guidance for primary care physicians working with parents.
Shen, S. C., & Dubey, V. (2019) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 192
Anderson, A. A., & Huntington, H. (2017) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547017735113 · Cited by 191
“Other examples point to the possibility of social media to foster skeptical viewpoints on other scientific topics, such as vaccines (e.g., Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundSpreading (Dis)Trust: Covid-19 Misinformation and Government Intervention in Italy
Lovari, A. (2020) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v8i2.3219 · Cited by 181
Mistrust and misinformation: A two-component, socio-epistemic model of belief in conspiracy theories
Pierre, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362 · Cited by 202
Lavazza, A., & Farina, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00356 · Cited by 193
Dinga, J. N., Sinda, L. K., & Titanji, V. P. K. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020175 · Cited by 174
Epistemic beliefs’ role in promoting misperceptions and conspiracist ideation
Garrett, R. K., & Weeks, B. E. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184733 · Cited by 167
What are the factors that contribute to parental vaccine-hesitancy and what can we do about it?
Williams, S. E. (2014) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.28596 · Cited by 173
“VHPs may have acquired misinformation about the risks and benefits of childhood vaccines through social networks(15) or the internet.(14,16) Yet, health care providers are consistently cited as the most important resource for vaccine information by VHPs, and provider recommendation for vaccination is one of the most i…”
BackgroundNudging toward vaccination: a systematic review
Reñosa, M. D. C., Landicho, J., Wachinger, J., Dalglish, S. L., Bärnighausen, K., Bärnighausen, T., & McMahon, S. A. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006237 · Cited by 170
Quantifying the rise of vaccine opposition on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic
Bonnevie, E., Gallegos-Jeffrey, A., Goldbarg, J., Byrd, B., & Smyser, J. (2020) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2020.1858222 · Cited by 165
“estimated that half of all parents of small children in the UK have been exposed to vaccine opposition [25,53].”
BackgroundDubé, È., Gagnon, D., Ouakki, M., Bettinger, J. A., Guay, M., Halperin, S. A., Wilson, K. R., Graham, J., Witteman, H. O., MacDonald, S. E., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156118 · Cited by 164
Why conspiracy theories matter: A social psychological analysis
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2018) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1537428 · Cited by 114
“about vaccine efficacy and safety are common (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundSentiment, Contents, and Retweets: A Study of Two Vaccine-Related Twitter Datasets
Blankenship, E. B., Goff, M. E., Yin, J., Tse, Z. T. H., Fu, K., Liang, H., Saroha, N., & Fung, I. C. (2018) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/17-138 · Cited by 165
Steffens, M., Dunn, A. G., Wiley, K. E., & Leask, J. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7659-3 · Cited by 164
Online Social Endorsement and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United Kingdom
Chadwick, A., Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C., Freeman, D. H., Lambe, S., Loe, B. S., Vanderslott, S., Lewandowsky, S., Conroy, M. K., Ross, A. R. N., et al. (2021) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051211008817 · Cited by 160
“Despite the growth of “anti-vax” campaigns (Kata, 2012; Wellcome Trust, 2019), recent concerns about vaccine hesitancy mainly focused on childhood immunization (Dubé et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTwitter as a source of vaccination information: Content drivers and what they are saying
Love, B., Himelboim, I., Holton, A. E., & Stewart, K. (2013) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.10.016 · Cited by 149
Stahl, J. ‐., Cohen, R., Denis, F., Gaudelus, J., Martinot, A., Lery, T., & Lepetit, H. (2016) · Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses · doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2016.02.002 · Cited by 144
Zika vaccine misconceptions: A social media analysis
Dredze, M. H., Broniatowski, D. A., & Hilyard, K. M. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.008 · Cited by 143
Moran, M. B., Lucas, M. A., Everhart, K., Morgan, A. M., & Prickett, E. (2016) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2016.1235531 · Cited by 143
Ward, P., Attwell, K., Meyer, S. B., Rokkas, P., & Leask, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185955 · Cited by 142
Luo, C., Chen, A., Cui, B., & Liao, W. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101712 · Cited by 147
“The anti-vaccine narrative on Twitter has been repeatedly accentuated in former studies (Kang et al., 2017; Kata, 2012; Murphy et al., 2021; Radzikowski et al., 2016).”
A survey instrument for measuring vaccine acceptance
Sarathchandra, D., Navin, M. C., Largent, M. A., & McCright, A. M. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.006 · Cited by 140
“Further, President Trump provides powerful platforms for anti-vaccination activists (Garrett, 2017) to promote their views (Kata, 2012), and he personally repeats these views when claiming there is a link between vaccines and autism (Kopplin, 2016).”
BackgroundRisk, Trust, and Flawed Assumptions: Vaccine Hesitancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ebrahimi, O. V., Johnson, M. S., Ebling, S., Amundsen, O. M., Halsøy, Ø., Hoffart, A., Skjerdingstad, N., & Johnson, S. U. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.700213 · Cited by 138
Selfish-rational non-vaccination: Experimental evidence from an interactive vaccination game
BOHM, R. M., Betsch, C., & Korn, L. (2015) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.11.008 · Cited by 134
The web and public confidence in MMR vaccination in Italy
Aquino, F., Donzelli, G., Franco, E., Privitera, G. P., Lopalco, P. L., & Carducci, A. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.029 · Cited by 133
Lutkenhaus, R., Jansz, J., & Bouman, M. P. A. (2019) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207618821521 · Cited by 137
“61,62 Mapping the discourse on vaccination in and between communities produced results that can be used to define and tailor health communications to the perceptions of the different online communities.”
BackgroundArif, N., Al-Jefri, M. M., Bizzi, I. H., Perano, G. B., Goldman, M., Haq, I., Chua, K. L., Mengozzi, M., Neunez, M., Smith, H. E., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01215 · Cited by 128
“Studies have previously explored this area of the Internet and have analyzed their features in English and French (6, 8).”
Sell, T. K., Hosangadi, D., & Trotochaud, M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08697-3 · Cited by 142
“The role that misinformation has played fueling vaccine hesitancy has been widely studied [19] [20] [21] , and outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases have demonstrated the impacts of misinformation [22] .”
BackgroundReich, J. A. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.027 · Cited by 135
“…or online—are often self-reinforcing as members share information to facilitate action (Coleman, 1988), like encouraging others to question vaccine safety and necessity (Kata, 2012; Sobo et al., 2016) or challenge legal or social requirements to vaccinate (Reich, 2018; Tangherlini et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrant, L., Hausman, B. L., Cashion, M., Lucchesi, N., Patel, K., & Roberts, J. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4153 · Cited by 126
Peter, C., & Koch, T. (2016) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547015613523 · Cited by 124
Utilizing health information technology to improve vaccine communication and coverage
Stockwell, M. S., & Fiks, A. G. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.25031 · Cited by 125
“123 Health care providers need to be attuned to the content of vaccine-related websites since patients and families may view these sites and have questions, 121-124 especially given the common lack of verification of posted information.”
BackgroundScience by social media: Attitudes towards climate change are mediated by perceived social consensus
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Fay, N., & Gignac, G. E. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00948-y · Cited by 134
“Those sites that permit generation of user content are collectively also known as Web 2.0 (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialMedical disinformation and the unviable nature of COVID-19 conspiracy theories
Grimes, D. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245900 · Cited by 135
Jones-Jang, S. M., McKeever, B. W., Mckeever, R. J., & Kim, J. K. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1384433 · Cited by 125
“Research has also found that vaccination-hesitant parents tend to rely on online information more so than parents who have their children vaccinated (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundDomnich, A., Cambiaggi, M., Vasco, A., Maraniello, L., Ansaldi, F., Baldo, V., Bonanni, P., Calabrò, G. E., Costantino, C., de Waure, C., et al. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040711 · Cited by 123
Dasilva, J. P., Ayerdi, K. M., & Galdospín, T. M. (2020) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2020.may.08 · Cited by 157
“Sin embargo, a pesar de las importantes posibilidades para la difusión de información objetiva, los medios sociales se utilizan frecuentemente para difundir información errónea, expandir falsas informaciones o datos sin verificar sobre contenidos de salud (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundDredze, M., Broniatowski, D. A., Smith, M. C., & Hilyard, K. M. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.002 · Cited by 130
Correcting misinformation by health organizations during measles outbreaks: A controlled experiment
Gesser‐Edelsburg, A., Diamant, A., Hijazi, R., & Mesch, G. S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209505 · Cited by 120
Accepters, fence sitters, or rejecters: Moral profiles of vaccination attitudes
Rossen, I., Hurlstone, M. J., Dunlop, P. D., & Lawrence, C. M. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.038 · Cited by 129
Ma, T. (., & Atkin, D. J. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.09.009 · Cited by 117
“It appears that unreliable health information (e.g., anti-vaccine or crash diet information) can be presented (Kata, 2012) and shared (Villiard and Moreno, 2012) by end-users.”
BackgroundExploring the antecedents and consequences of epistemic emotions
Chevrier, M., Muis, K. R., Trevors, G., Pekrun, R. H., & Sinatra, G. M. (2019) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.05.006 · Cited by 128
Geographic and demographic correlates of autism-related anti-vaccine beliefs on Twitter, 2009-15
Tomeny, T. S., Vargo, C. J., & El‐Toukhy, S. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.041 · Cited by 115
“…2004; “Joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS),” 1999; Stratton et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2014), this belief remains (Bazzano et al., 2012; Fischbach et al., 2016) and is promulgated on online forums (Kata, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialWard, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00022 · Cited by 112
A Call for a Public Health Agenda for Social Media Research
Pagoto, S., Waring, M. E., & Xu, R. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16661 · Cited by 118
“Social media is a burgeoning area of study in the field of public health; however, much research covered in the popular media has focused on its harms [6-9].”
Chen, L., Zhang, Y., Young, R., Wu, X., & Zhu, G. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1751384 · Cited by 125
“The internet is a major source of vaccine-related misinformation, including conspiracy theories (Kata, 2010, 2012; Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Ward et al., 2016).”
BackgroundVaccine hesitancy: More than a movement
Callender, D. M. (2016) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1178434 · Cited by 110
“The data now shows that 16% of people look for vaccine information online and 70% use what they found to guide their medical care.(23) Optionally forces are successful because vaccine-hesitancy website have a common internal operating picture.”
BackgroundOn the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs
Grimes, D. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147905 · Cited by 106
Sonawane, K., Lin, Y.-Y., Damgacioglu, H., Zhu, Y., Fernández, M. E., Montealegre, J. R., Cazaban, C. G., Li, R., Lairson, D. R., Lin, Y. C., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24502 · Cited by 107
Beliefs towards vaccination and trust in the scientific community in Italy
Cadeddu, C., Daugbjerg, S. B., Ricciardi, W., & Rosano, A. (2020) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.076 · Cited by 101
Public Perceptions of the Ethics of In-vitro Meat: Determining an Appropriate Course of Action
Laestadius, L. I. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-015-9573-8 · Cited by 116
Vaccine Hesitancy and Online Information: The Influence of Digital Networks
Getman, R., Helmi, M. F., Roberts, H., Yansane, A., Cutler, D., & Seymour, B. A. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198117739673 · Cited by 102
“And, in fact, several researchers attribute the growth of the vaccine-hesitant community to the breakdown of this hierarchical mode of authority online (Kata, 2012; Witteman & Zikmund-Fisher, 2012).”
BackgroundMistrust of the medical profession and higher disgust sensitivity predict parental vaccine hesitancy
Reuben, R. B., Aitken, D., Freedman, J. L., & Einstein, G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237755 · Cited by 98
Exploring the relations between epistemic beliefs, emotions, and learning from texts
Trevors, G., Muis, K. R., Pekrun, R. H., Sinatra, G. M., & Muijselaar, M. M. L. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.10.001 · Cited by 99
What arguments on vaccinations run through YouTube videos in Italy? A content analysis
Covolo, L., Ceretti, E., Passeri, C., Boletti, M., & Gelatti, U. (2017) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1306159 · Cited by 89
Delany‐Moretlwe, S., Kelley, K., James, S., Scorgie, F., Subedar, H., Dlamini, N., Pillay, Y., Naidoo, N., Chikandiwa, A. T., & Rees, H. (2018) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00090 · Cited by 89
“Furthermore, the user-generated content—a key feature of social media—encourages lay persons to engage with medical knowledge, selecting or rejecting information based on their personal “truths” or those of other online users.(45) This type of content can effectively mobilize those who already have low levels of trust…”
Background“Down the Rabbit Hole” of Vaccine Misinformation on YouTube: Network Exposure Study
Tang, L., Fujimoto, K., Amith, M. “., Cunningham, R. M., Costantini, R. A., York, F. N., Xiong, G. Y., Boom, J. A., & Tao, C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23262 · Cited by 89
“This contradicts prior research that reported that antivaccine videos appear in the top search hits [23].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kata, A.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kata, Anna
- ORCID
- Kata, Anna
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 3778-3789
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062321610
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 56.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Keywords
- anti-vaccine movement, anti-vaccine activism, Web 2.0, misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, user-generated content, science communication, online health information
- MeSH terms
- Communication, Decision Making, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Vaccination, Vaccines, Health Communication, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
