Cited by 132Peripheral Neuropathies and DisordersInfluenza Virus Research StudiesPharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis.

Martín Arias, L.H., Sanz, R., Sáinz, M., Treceño, C., Carvajal, A.·2015·Vaccine

DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.013

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have been occasionally associated with influenza vaccines; this possible risk, even if rare, is a matter of much concern. To investigate the strength of this association, a systematic review and a meta-analysis have been conducted; for the purpose, controlled observational studies addressing the risk of GBS associated with different influenza vaccines were sought. We finally selected 39 studies of interest published between 1981 and 2014 (seasonal influenza vaccines, 22; pandemic influenza vaccines, 16; both vaccines simultaneously administered, 1); funnel plot did not identify publication bias. At the association between any influenza vaccine - whether seasonal or pandemic - with GBS, the overall relative risk was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.20-1.66). Pandemic vaccines presented a higher risk (RR=1.84; 95% CI, 1.36-2.50) compared to seasonal vaccines (RR=1.22; 95% CI, 1.01-1.48); the latter should be considered as marginally statistically significant. Pandemic adjuvanted vaccines were not found to be related to a higher risk compared to non-adjuvanted vaccines. The results of the present meta-analysis point to a small but statistically significant association between influenza vaccines, particularly the pandemic ones, and GBS, which is consistent with current explanations upon possible mechanisms for this condition to appear.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.013

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Guillain–Barré Syndrome
Yuki, N., & Hartung, H. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1114525 · Cited by 1,270
Population Incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sejvar, J. J., Baughman, A. L., Wise, M. P., & Morgan, O. W. (2011) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000324710 · Cited by 959
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME FOLLOWING VACCINATION IN THE NATIONAL INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM, UNITED STATES, 1976–19771
Schonberger, L. B., Bregman, D. J., SULLIVAN-BOLYAI, J. Z., Keenlyside, R. A., Ziegler, D. W., RETAILLIAU, H. F., EDDINS, D. L., & Bryan, J. A. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112795 · Cited by 784
Tutorial in biostatistics: the self‐controlled case series method
Whitaker, H. J., Paddy Farrington, C., Spiessens, B., & Musonda, P. (2006) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2302 · Cited by 719
The Guillain–Barré Syndrome and the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 Influenza Vaccines
Lasky, T., Terracciano, G. J., Magder, L. S., Koski, C. L., Ballesteros, M., Nash, D., Clark, S., Haber, P., Stolley, P. D., Schonberger, L. B., et al. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199812173392501 · Cited by 501
Vaccines and Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Haber, P., Sejvar, J. J., Mikaeloff, Y., & Destefano, F. R. (2009) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-200932040-00005 · Cited by 235
Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent inactivated vaccines in the USA: a meta-analysis
Salmon, D. A., Proschan, M. A., Forshee, R. A., Gargiullo, P. M., Bleser, W. K., Burwen, D. R., Cunningham, F. E., Garman, P. M., Greene, S. K., Lee, G. M., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62189-8 · Cited by 212
Guillain-Barré Syndrome After Influenza Vaccination in Adults
Juurlink, D. N. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.20.2217 · Cited by 201
Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza virus
Lehmann, H. C., Hartung, H., Kieseier, B. C., & Hughes, R. A. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70140-7 · Cited by 199
Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Preceding Infection with Campylobacter, Influenza and Epstein-Barr Virus in the General Practice Research Database
Tam, C. C., O’Brien, S. J., Petersen, I., Islam, A., Hayward, A. C., & Rodrigues, L. C. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000344 · Cited by 193
Investigation of the Temporal Association of Guillain-Barre Syndrome With Influenza Vaccine and Influenzalike Illness Using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database
Stowe, J., Andrews, N. J., Wise, L., & Miller, E. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn310 · Cited by 192
Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring
Vellozzi, C., Burwen, D. R., Dobardzic, A., Ball, R., Walton, K., & Haber, P. (2009) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125 · Cited by 188
Guillain-Barré Syndrome and the 1978–1979 Influenza Vaccine
Hurwitz, E. S., Schonberger, L. B., Nelson, D. B., & Holman, R. C. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198106253042601 · Cited by 176
Guillain-Barre syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination
Kaplan, J. (1982) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.248.6.698 · Cited by 176
Guillain-Barre syndrome and adjuvanted pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine: multinational case-control study in Europe
Dieleman, J. P., Romio, S., Johansen, K., Weibel, D. M., Bonhoeffer, J., Sturkenboom, M., & and the VAESCO-GBS Case-Control Study Group (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d3908 · Cited by 175
Safety and immunogenicity of AS03B adjuvanted split virion versus non-adjuvanted whole virion H1N1 influenza vaccine in UK children aged 6 months-12 years: open label, randomised, parallel group, multicentre study
Waddington, C. S., Walker, W. T., Oeser, C., Reiner, A., John, T. M., Wilkins, S., Casey, M., Eccleston, P., Allen, R., Okike, I. O., et al. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2649 · Cited by 161
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981
Kaplan, J. E. (1982) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03330060038030 · Cited by 125
Risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome after seasonal influenza vaccination and influenza health-care encounters: a self-controlled study.
Kwong, J. C., Vasa, P. P., Campitelli, M. A., Hawken, S., Wilson, K., Rosella, L. C., Stukel, T. A., Crowcroft, N. S., McGeer, A. J., Zinman, L., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70104-x · Cited by 115
Anti‐Ganglioside Antibody Induction by Swine (A/NJ/1976/H1N1) and Other Influenza Vaccines: Insights into Vaccine‐Associated Guillain‐Barré Syndrome
Nachamkin, I., Shadomy, S. V., Moran, A. P., Cox, N., Fitzgerald, C., Ung, H., Corcoran, A. T., Iskander, J. K., Schonberger, L. B., & Chen, R. T. (2008) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/589624 · Cited by 113
International collaboration to assess the risk of Guillain Barré Syndrome following Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines
Dodd, C. N., Romio, S., BLACK, S. B., Vellozzi, C. J., Andrews, N. J., Sturkenboom, M., ZUBER, P. L. F., Hua, W., Bonhoeffer, J., Buttery, J. P., et al. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.032 · Cited by 109
Lack of Association of Guillain-Barre Syndrome With Vaccinations
Baxter, R. P., Bakshi, N., FIREMAN, B. H., Lewis, E. M., Ray, P., Vellozzi, C. J., & Klein, N. P. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit222 · Cited by 109
Preliminary results: surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome after receipt of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine - United States, 2009-2010.
Prothro, C., Kudish, K. S., Fielline, M., Meek, J. I., Tellman, N., Milewski, M., Hogan, B. C., Holtzman, C., Danila, R., DUNNING, L. H., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 108
No Association Between Immunization and Guillain-Barré Syndrome in the United Kingdom, 1992 to 2000
Hughes, R. A., Charlton, J., Latinovic, R., & Gulliford, M. C. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.12.1301 · Cited by 100
Guillain-Barre Syndrome During the 2009-2010 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign: Population-based Surveillance Among 45 Million Americans
Wise, M. E., Viray, M. A., Sejvar, J. J., Lewis, P., Baughman, A. L., Connor, W., Danila, R., Giambrone, G. P., Hale, C. R., Hogan, B., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws196 · Cited by 94
Risk of confirmed Guillain-Barre syndrome following receipt of monovalent inactivated influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal influenza vaccines in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, 2009-2010.
Greene, S. K., Rett, M., Weintraub, E. S., Li, L., Yin, R., Amato, A. A., Ho, D. T., Sheikh, S. I., Fireman, B. H., Daley, M. F., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws195 · Cited by 91
Risk of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following H1N1 Influenza Vaccination in Quebec
Wals, P. D., Deceuninck, G., Toth, E., Boulianne, N., Brunet, D., Boucher, R., Landry, M., & Serres, G. D. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.7342 · Cited by 85
Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Influenzalike Illnesses, and Influenza Vaccination During Seasons With and Without Circulating A/H1N1 Viruses
Grimaldi‐Bensouda, L., Alpérovitch, A., Besson, G., Vial, C., Cuisset, J., Papeix, C., Lyon‐Caen, O., Bénichou, J., Rossignol, M., & Lucien Abenhaim for the GBS-PGRx Study Group (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr072 · Cited by 76
Genetics of Guillain‐Barré syndrome ( GBS ) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy ( CIDP ): current knowledge and future directions
Blum, S., & McCombe, P. (2014) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/jns5.12074 · Cited by 71
Surveillance for Adverse Events Following Receipt of Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in the Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monitoring (PRISM) System, 2009-2010
Yih, W. K., Lee, G. M., Lieu, T. A., Ball, R., Kulldorff, M., Rett, M. D., Wahl, P. M., McMahill‐Walraven, C. N., Platt, R. G., & Salmon, D. A. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws197 · Cited by 71
Guillain-Barré Syndrome Incidence in a Large United States Cohort (2000–2009)
Shui, I. M., Rett, M. D., Weintraub, E., Marcy, M., Amato, A. A., Sheikh, S. I., Ho, D. T., Lee, G. M., & Yih, W. K. (2012) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000339248 · Cited by 70
Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Modern Theories of Etiology
Hardy, T. A., Blum, S., McCombe, P., & Reddel, S. (2011) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-011-0190-y · Cited by 63
Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Adjuvanted Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Vaccines: A Multinational Self-Controlled Case Series in Europe
Romio, S., Weibel, D. M., Dieleman, J. P., Olberg, H. K., de Vries, C. S., Sammon, C., Andrews, N. J., Svanström, H., Mølgaard‐Nielsen, D., Hviid, A. P., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082222 · Cited by 59
Guillain-Barre Syndrome, influenza vaccination, and antecedent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections: a case-centered analysis in the Vaccine Safety Datalink, 2009-2011.
Greene, S. K., Rett, M. D., Vellozzi, C., Li, L., Kulldorff, M., Marcy, S. M., Daley, M. F., Belongia, E. A., Baxter, R., Fireman, B. H., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067185 · Cited by 59
Evaluation of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Among Recipients of Influenza Vaccine in 2000 and 2001
Burwen, D. R., Ball, R., Bryan, W. W., Izurieta, H. S., Voie, L. L., Gibbs, N. A., Kliman, R. E., & Braun, M. M. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.022 · Cited by 56
The Risk of Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine and 2009–2010 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: Results from Self‐Controlled Analyses
Tokars, J. I., Lewis, P., Destefano, F. R., Wise, M. E., Viray, M. A., Morgan, O. W., Gargiullo, P. M., & Vellozzi, C. J. (2012) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3220 · Cited by 54
Absence of associations between influenza vaccines and increased risks of seizures, Guillain–Barré syndrome, encephalitis, or anaphylaxis in the 2012–2013 season
Kawai, A. T., Li, L., Kulldorff, M., Vellozzi, C. J., Weintraub, E., Baxter, R. P., Belongia, E. A., Daley, M. F., Jacobsen, S. J., Naleway, A. L., et al. (2014) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3575 · Cited by 53
Autoimmune disorders after immunisation with Influenza A/H1N1 vaccines with and without adjuvant: EudraVigilance data and literature review
Isai, A., Durand, J., Meur, S. L., Hidalgo‐Simon, A., & Kurz, X. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.032 · Cited by 53
Influenza,CampylobacterandMycoplasmaInfections, and Hospital Admissions for Guillain-Barré Syndrome, England
Tam, C. C., O’Brien, S. J., & Rodrigues, L. C. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1212.051032 · Cited by 51
Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after 2010–2011 influenza vaccination
The ITANG study group, Galeotti, F., Massari, M., D’Alessandro, R., Beghi, E., Chiò, A., Logroscino, G., Filippini, G., Benedetti, M. D., Pugliatti, M., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9797-8 · Cited by 49
Cumulative Risk of Guillain–Barré Syndrome Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Populations During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
Vellozzi, C. J., Iqbal, S., Stewart, B., Tokars, J. I., & Destefano, F. R. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301651 · Cited by 48
Guillain–Barré syndrome and H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccination using an AS03 adjuvanted vaccine in the United Kingdom: Self-controlled case series
Andrews, N. J., Stowe, J., Salman, R. A., & Miller, E. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.069 · Cited by 47
Preliminary results: surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome after receipt of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine - United States, 2009-2010.
(2010) · PubMed · Cited by 44
Chart-Confirmed Guillain-Barre Syndrome After 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Among the Medicare Population, 2009-2010
Polakowski, L., Sandhu, S. K., Martin, D. B., Ball, R., MaCurdy, T. E., Franks, R. L., Gibbs, J. M., Kropp, G., Avagyan, A., Kelman, J. A., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt051 · Cited by 40
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associated with Campylobacter jejuni Infection in England, 2000-2001
Tam, C. C., Rodrigues, L. C., & O’Brien, S. J. (2003) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/375845 · Cited by 36
Risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome following pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 vaccination in Germany
Prestel, J., Volkers, P., Mentzer, D., Lehmann, H. C., Hartung, H., Keller‐Stanislawski, B., & for the GBS Study Group (2014) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3638 · Cited by 35
Guillain‐Barré syndrome following pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A immunisation in Victoria: a self‐controlled case series
Crawford, N. W., Cheng, A., Andrews, N. J., Charles, P. G. P., Clothier, H. J., Day, B. J., Day, T., Gates, P., Macdonell, R. A. L., Roberts, L. J., et al. (2012) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja12.10534 · Cited by 32
Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following Influenza Vaccination: Causal or Coincidental?
Sejvar, J. J., Pfeifer, D., & Schonberger, L. B. (2011) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-011-0194-8 · Cited by 30
Simultaneous Development of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with H1N1 09 Influenza Vaccination
Hoshino, T., Uchiyama, Y., Ito, E., Osawa, S., & Ohashi, T. (2012) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7132 · Cited by 26
In silico analysis of autoimmune diseases and genetic relationships to vaccination against infectious diseases
McGarvey, P. B., Süzek, B. E., Baraniuk, J. N., Rao, S., Conkright, B., Lababidi, S., Sutherland, A., Forshee, R. A., & Madhavan, S. (2014) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-014-0061-0 · Cited by 24
Evaluating the safety of influenza vaccine using a claims-based health system
McCarthy, N. L., Gee, J. M., Lin, N. D., Hoffman, V., Pan, Y., Su, S., Turnbull, B., Chan, K. A., & Weintraub, E. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.031 · Cited by 23
Safety of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines in Taiwan: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study
Huang, W., Yang, H.-W., Liao, T.-L., Wu, W.-J., Yang, S.-E., Chih, Y.-C., & Chuang, J.-H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058827 · Cited by 23
Anti-ganglioside antibodies were not detected in human subjects infected with or vaccinated against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus
Lei, T., Siu, K., Kok, K., Chan, K., Chan, E. Y. T., Hung, I. F., To, K. K., Li, P. C., Zhou, J., Zheng, B., et al. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.009 · Cited by 15

Sorted by citations

Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2018–19 Influenza Season
Grohskopf, L. A., Sokolow, L. Z., Broder, K. R., Walter, E. B., Fry, A. M., & Jernigan, D. B. (2018) · MMWR Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6703a1 · Cited by 1,640
Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines
Grohskopf, L. A., Sokolow, L. Z., Broder, K. R., Olsen, S. J., Karron, R. A., Jernigan, D. B., & Bresee, J. (2016) · MMWR Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6505a1 · Cited by 602
Vaccine Safety: Myths and Misinformation
Geoghegan, S., O’Callaghan, K. P., & Offit, P. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00372 · Cited by 275
European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain–Barré syndrome
van Doorn, P. A., den Bergh, P. Y. K. V., Hadden, R. D. M., Avau, B., Vankrunkelsven, P., Attarian, S., Blomkwist‐Markens, P. H., Cornblath, D. R., Goedee, H. S., Harbo, T., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16073 · Cited by 261
Immune-mediated neuropathies
Kieseier, B. C., Mathey, E. K., Sommer, C., & Hartung, H. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0027-2 · Cited by 155

See all 132

Authors: Martín Arias, L. H., Sanz, R., Sáinz, M., Treceño, C., & Carvajal, A.
Affiliations: Universidad de Valladolid (ES)
Corresponding author: Carvajal, A.
ORCID: Carvajal, A.
Venue: Vaccine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-07
Volume: 33
Issue: 31
Pages: 3773-3778
ISSN: 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.013
OpenAlex: W324672716
Cited by: 132
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6
FWCI: 1.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Vaccine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
Keywords: Guillain-Barré syndrome, influenza vaccination, vaccine adverse events, pandemic influenza vaccine, seasonal influenza vaccine, adjuvanted vaccine, relative risk, vaccine safety
MeSH terms: Influenza Vaccines, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Observational Studies as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks