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The influence of probiotics on vaccine responses—A systematic review
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of probiotics may influence the response to vaccines. We systematically reviewed prospective randomised placebo-controlled studies in humans that have investigated the effect of probiotics on humoral vaccine responses. We found 26 studies, involving 3812 participants, investigating the effect of 40 different probiotic strains on the response to 17 different vaccines. A beneficial effect of probiotics was reported in about half of the studies. The evidence for a beneficial effect of probiotics on vaccine response was strongest for oral vaccinations and for parenteral influenza vaccination. However, there was substantial variation between studies in the choice of probiotic, strain, dose, viability, purity, and duration and timing of administration. The one study that investigated the effect of probiotic administration to mothers during pregnancy found lower vaccine responses in their infants. The studies in our review suggest that probiotics offer a relatively cheap intervention to improve vaccine efficacy and duration of protection. Future studies should focus on establishing optimal strains, doses and timing of administration in relation to vaccination.
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“The researchers found evidence suggesting that certain probiotics can enhance the immune system’s response to influenza vaccination, which increases the potential benefit for the elderly, in whom the response to influenza vaccination (seroconversion) is impaired [179].”
From The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties (2024) · cites this paper as [179]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N.
- Affiliations
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Zimmermann, Petra
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-213
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2755772860
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Keywords
- probiotics, vaccine response, humoral immunity, immunomodulation, oral immunization, influenza vaccination, probiotic strains, vaccine efficacy, duration of protection
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Placebos, Vaccines, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Probiotics, Immunity, Humoral
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