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EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents
Abstract
In the year 2010, effluents from 90 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for 156 polar organic chemical contaminants. The analyses were complemented by effect-based monitoring approaches aiming at estrogenicity and dioxin-like toxicity analyzed by in vitro reporter gene bioassays, and yeast and diatom culture acute toxicity optical bioassays. Analyses of organic substances were performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) or gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Target microcontaminants were pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), veterinary (antibiotic) drugs, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphate ester flame retardants, pesticides (and some metabolites), industrial chemicals such as benzotriazoles (corrosion inhibitors), iodinated x-ray contrast agents, and gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging agents; in addition biological endpoints were measured. The obtained results show the presence of 125 substances (80% of the target compounds) in European wastewater effluents, in concentrations ranging from low nanograms to milligrams per liter. These results allow for an estimation to be made of a European median level for the chemicals investigated in WWTP effluents. The most relevant compounds in the effluent waters with the highest median concentration levels were the artificial sweeteners acesulfame and sucralose, benzotriazoles (corrosion inhibitors), several organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (e.g. tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate; TCPP), pharmaceutical compounds such as carbamazepine, tramadol, telmisartan, venlafaxine, irbesartan, fluconazole, oxazepam, fexofenadine, diclofenac, citalopram, codeine, bisoprolol, eprosartan, the antibiotics trimethoprim, ciprofloxacine, sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycine, the insect repellent N,N'-diethyltoluamide (DEET), the pesticides MCPA and mecoprop, perfluoroalkyl substances (such as PFOS and PFOA), caffeine, and gadolinium.
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“EU-wide monitoring survey carried out in 2010 detected seven PFAS (mostly long-chain PFAS) in ef fl uents from 90 European WWTPs at concentrations lower than those found in our study with PFHxA (304 ng L -1 ) and PFOA (255 ng L -1 ) the most abundant (Loos et al., 2013).”
From Occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in wastewater treatment plants in Northern Italy (2023) · cites this paper as Loos et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“For many of the contaminant classes explored here (e.g., OPEs, bisphenols, PFASs, PPCPs, BTH/BTRs), prior studies have oen focused on the wastewater pathway, 8,106-111 which likely neglects additional loads entering receiving waters in systems with separate stormwater infrastructure.”
From Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds (2024) · cites this paper as [106]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Loos, R., Carvalho, R., António, D. C., Comero, S., Locoro, G., Tavazzi, S., Paracchini, B., Ghiani, M., Lettieri, T., Blaha, L., Jarosova, B., Voorspoels, S., Servaes, K., Haglund, P., Fick, J., Lindberg, R. H., Schwesig, D., & Gawlik, B. M.
- Affiliations
- European Commission (BE)
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (BE)
- Umeå University (SE)
- IWW Water Centre (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Loos, Robert
- ORCID
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 6475-6487
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965064785
- Cited by
- 1,193
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 54.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Joint Research Centre (European Commission) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- polar organic contaminants, wastewater treatment plant effluent, emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, veterinary therapeutics, perfluorinated compounds, pesticides, benzotriazole, iodinated contrast media, gadolinium, estrogenic activity, dioxin-like toxicity, acute toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Environmental Monitoring, European Union, Household Products, Organic Chemicals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Diatoms, Water Purification, Toxicity Tests, Acute, Wastewater
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