Occurrence and Mass Flows of Fluorochemicals in the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland
Open accessAbstract
Fluorochemicals are persistent contaminants that are globally distributed in air, water, sediments, and biota. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in mitigating pollutant releases from municipalities to aquatic and terrestrial environments. However, because WWTPs are point sources of fluorochemicals, it is important to understand their contribution to fluorochemical burdens in the greater context of watersheds. To this end, over a 1 week period, the mass flows of 11 fluorochemicals from seven WWTPs that discharge effluent into the Glatt River in Switzerland were measured and compared to the measured mass flows within the Glatt River. Overall, the fluorochemicals were not removed efficiently during wastewater treatment. Effluents from WWTPs and Glatt River water were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate, which was detected in all samples, followed by perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate. The mass flows of fluorochemicals emanating from WWTPs were found to be conserved within the 35 km Glatt River, which indicates that input from the WWTPs is additive and that removal within the Glatt River is not significant. Per capita discharges of fluorochemicals were calculated from the populations served by the WWTPs studied; the values determined also account for the fluorochemical content of Lake Greifen (Greifensee), which is a lake at the headwaters of the Glatt River that also receives treated wastewater.
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The total discharge of PFASs varies significantly, ranging from 10 g per day to 10,000 g per day, depending on water usage and the capacity of sewage treatment plants.
“The total discharge of PFASs varies significantly, ranging from 10 g per day [124] to 10,000 g per day mol [125], depending on water usage and the capacity of sewage treatment plants.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [124]
The Results and Discussion sections on mass flow and per-capita discharge (page unavailable) report fluorochemical discharges from seven wastewater treatment plants and calculate them using concentrations, plant flows, and populations served. The reported PFOS discharge of 57 μg per person per day is consistent with a discharge on the order of 10 g/day across the watershed, but our copy does not state a total PFAS discharge of exactly 10 g/day or attribute its variation to water usage and plant capacity. The citing sentence attaches this source to the lower endpoint; its 10,000 g/day endpoint has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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“The total discharge of PFASs varies significantly, ranging from 10 g per day [124] to 10,000 g per day mol [125], depending on water usage and the capacity of sewage treatment plants.”
- Authors
- Huset, C. A., Chiaia, A. C., Barofsky, D. F., Jonkers, N., Kohler, H.-P. E., Ort, C., Giger, W., & Field, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, and Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
- Field, Jennifer A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2008-05-20
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 6369-6377
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC3056649
- OpenAlex
- W1970172570
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 11.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Oregon State University (P30 ES00210)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (NRP50)
- National Institutes of Health (#ES00210)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES000210, #P30-ES00210)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- fluorochemicals, PFOS, PFHxS, perfluorooctanoic acid, wastewater treatment plants, mass flow analysis, Glatt river, persistent organic pollutants, perfluorinated compounds, wastewater effluent, Lake Greifensee
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Quality Control, Reference Standards, Switzerland, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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