Ubiquitous occurrence of the artificial sweetener acesulfame in the aquatic environment: an ideal chemical marker of domestic wastewater in groundwater
Abstract
Artificial low-calorie sweeteners are consumed in considerable quantities with food and beverages. After ingestion, some sweeteners pass through the human metabolism largely unaffected, are quantitatively excreted via urine and feces, and thus reach the environment associated with domestic wastewater. Here, we document the widespread occurrence of four sweeteners in the aquatic environment and show that one of these compounds, acesulfame, meets all of the criteria of an ideal marker for the detection of domestic wastewater in natural waters, particularly groundwater. Acesulfame was consistently detected in untreated and treated wastewater (12-46 microg/L), in most surface waters, in 65% of the investigated groundwater samples, and even in several tap water samples (up to 2.6 microg/L) from Switzerland. The sweetener was not eliminated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and was quite persistent in surface waters, where concentrations increased with population in the catchment area and decreased with water throughflow. The highest concentrations in groundwater, up to 4.7 microg/L, were observed in areas with significant infiltration of river water, where the infiltrating water received considerable discharges from WWTPs. Given the currently achieved detection limit of approximately 0.01 microg/L, it is possible to trace the presence of > or = 0.05% wastewater in groundwater.
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The maximum acesulfame concentration in this study is higher than those reported in two other studies of raw drinking water from groundwater (2600 ng/L) and surface water (4200 ng/L) and in a study of treated tap water (1600 ng/L).
“Our maximum concentration is higher than those reported in two other studies of raw drinking water from groundwater (2600 ng/L; Buerge et al., 2009) and surface water (4200 ng/L; Scheurer et al., 2010) sources (Table 2) and in a study of treated tap water (1600 ng/L; Spoelstra et al., 2013).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
Cyclamate and saccharin showed ≥90% removal in wastewater treatment plants, in a septic system plume, and during riverbank filtration and artificial groundwater recharge.
“whereas two other artificial sweeteners, cyclamate and saccharin, showed ≥ 90% removal in wastewater treatment plants (Buerge et al., 2009), in a septic system plume (Robertson et al., 2013), and during riverbank filtration and artificial groundwater recharge (Scheurer et al., 2010).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
Acesulfame and sucralose underwent negligible removal during wastewater treatment and groundwater transport.
“Acesulfame and another artificial sweetener, sucralose, underwent negligible removal during wastewater treatment and groundwater transport, whereas two other artificial sweeteners, cyclamate and saccharin, showed ≥ 90% removal in wastewater treatment plants (Buerge et al., 2009), in a septic system plume (Robertson et al., 2013), and during riverbank filtration and artificial groundwater recharge”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
Acesulfame has been considered an ideal marker of wastewater due to its relatively high concentrations in domestic wastewater, lack of industrial or agricultural sources, and resistance to biodegradation and sorption.
“Acesulfame has been considered an ideal marker of wastewater due to its relatively high concentrations in domestic wastewater, lack of industrial or agricultural sources, and resistance to biodegradation and sorption (Buerge et al., 2009).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
Among four artificial sweeteners, acesulfame was detected at the highest concentrations in Swiss groundwater and surface waters.
“Among these four artificial sweeteners, acesulfame was detected at the highest concentrations in Swiss groundwater and surface waters (Buerge et al., 2009).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
Acesulfame and sucralose have been considered specific markers of wastewater in aquatic systems.
“While acesulfame and sucralose have been considered specific markers of wastewater in aquatic systems (Buerge et al., 2009), artificial sweeteners are also common in landfill leachate, with concentrations up to 85 μg/L acesulfame (Roy et al., 2014) and 620 μg/L sucralose (Clarke et al., 2015).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
Acesulfame is commonly used in beverages, food, and toothpastes and can enter domestic wastewater through excretion and direct product disposal.
“Acesulfame is commonly used in beverages, food, and toothpastes (Buerge et al., 2009) and can enter domestic wastewater through excretion and direct product disposal (e.g., pouring out unconsumed beverages).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Buerge et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Buerge, I. J., Buser, H.-R., Kahle, M., Müller, M. D., & Poiger, T.
- Affiliations
- Agroscope (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Buerge, Ignaz J.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2009-05-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4381-4385
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2069631972
- Cited by
- 518
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 17.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- acesulfame, artificial sweeteners, domestic wastewater, groundwater contamination, wastewater treatment plant effluent, surface water, river water infiltration, tap water, human excretion, population density
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Sewage, Sweetening Agents, Thiazines, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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