Bicarbonate-activated persulfate oxidation of acetaminophen
Open accessAbstract
Persulfate (PS) is widely used as an oxidant for in situ chemical remediation of contaminated groundwater. In this study we demonstrated for the first time that PS could be activated by bicarbonate. Acetaminophen was used as the probe compound to examine the reactivity of PS/bicarbonate system. It was found that acetaminophen could be effectively transformed and the reaction rate appeared pseudo-first-order to the concentrations of both acetaminophen and PS. Radical scavenger tests indicated that neither free radicals (SO 4- and HO) nor superoxide (O 2-) was responsible for acetaminophen transformation. Generation of singlet oxygen (1 O 2) was verified using furfuryl alcohol (FFA) as a probe. Formation of 1 O 2 was further quantified in D 2 O fortified solution based on kinetic solvent isotopic effect (KSIE) but it was found that 1 O 2 contributed only 51.4% of the total FFA transformation. The other 48.6% was presumed to be ascribed to the reaction with peroxymonocarbonate (HCO 4-). However, the transformation of acetaminophen was mostly due to the reaction with HCO 4- but not 1 O 2. Instead of degradation, HCO 4- oxidized acetaminophen via a one-electron abstraction mechanism resulting in the generation of acetaminophen radicals which coupled to each other to form dimers and trimers. HCO 4- also hydrolyzed rapidly to form hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) which led to the formation of 1 O 2, during which O 2- was a key intermediates. Because bicarbonate is ubiquitously presented in groundwater, the findings of this research provide important insights into the fundamental processes involved in PS oxidation in subsurface.
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PS activated by HCO3- was reported to be effective in the degradation of acetaminophen, but the process takes place relatively slowly; nearly 7 h was required to achieve 60% removal.
“PS activated by HCO3 -was reported to be effective in the degradation of acetaminophen, but the process takes place relatively slowly. Nearly 7 h was required to achieve 60% removal [80].”
From Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degradation of Water Pollutants—Ambivalent Impact of Carbonate Species: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Section 3.1 reports that bicarbonate activated persulfate to remove acetaminophen and that the reaction was relatively slow. It reports more than 50% removal in 8 hours, but does not establish the claimed 60% removal in nearly 7 hours. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Benjamin, M.M., 2002, Water chemistry, 668, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
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“Nearly 7 h was required to achieve 60% removal [80].”
- Authors
- Jiang, M., Lu, J., Ji, Y., & Kong, D.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Agricultural University (CN)
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Junhe
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 116
- Pages
- 324-331
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2602023869
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 310 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Water Research (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation of China (51578294)
- Priority Academic Program Development
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Keywords
- persulfate activation, bicarbonate, acetaminophen degradation, singlet oxygen, peroxymonocarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, furfuryl alcohol, groundwater remediation, pharmaceutical pollutants
- MeSH terms
- Acetaminophen, Bicarbonates, Hydrogen Peroxide, Oxidation-Reduction, Sulfates, Groundwater
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