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Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water
Open accessAbstract
Up to now, only a few studies about microparticle contamination of bottled mineral water have been published. The smallest analysed particle size was 5 μm. However, due to toxicological reasons, especially microparticles smaller than 1.5 μm are critically discussed. Therefore, in the present study, 32 samples of bottled mineral water were investigated for contamination by microplastics, pigment and additive particles. Due to the application of aluminium coated polycarbonate membrane filters and micro-Raman spectroscopy, a lowest analysed particle size of 1 μm was achieved. Microplastics were found in water from all bottle types: in single use and reusable bottles made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as well as in glass bottles. The amount of microplastics in mineral water varied from 2649 ± 2857 per litre in single use PET bottles up to 6292 ± 10521 per litre in glass bottles. While in plastic bottles, the predominant polymer type was PET; in glass bottles various polymers such as polyethylene or styrene-butadiene-copolymer were found. Hence, besides the packaging itself, other contamination sources have to be considered. Pigment particles were detected in high amounts in reusable, paper labelled bottles (195047 ± 330810 pigment particles per litre in glass and 23594 ± 25518 pigment particles per litre in reusable paper labelled PET bottles). Pigment types found in water samples were the same as used for label printing, indicating the bottle cleaning process as possible contamination route. Furthermore, on average 708 ± 1024 particles per litre of the additive Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite were found in reusable PET bottles. This additive might be leached out from the bottle material itself. Over 90% of the detected microplastics and pigment particles were smaller than 5 μm and thus not covered by previous studies. In summary, this is the first study reporting about microplastics, pigment and additive particles found in bottled mineral water samples with a smallest analysed particle size of 1 μm.
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“the literature knowledge is constrained to microplastics in bottled water (SI Appendix, Table S4) (19, 60–62), leaving the nanoplastics mostly uncharted”
From Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
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“which is two to three orders of magnitude more than the previously reported results merely focusing on large microplastics (SI Appendix, Table S4) (58, 59, 61, 69, 70).”
From Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Oßmann, B. E., Sarau, G., Holtmannspötter, H., Pischetsrieder, M., Christiansen, S. H., & Dicke, W.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (DE)
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Oßmann, Barbara E.
- Dicke, Wilhelm
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 141
- Pages
- 307-316
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2803337465
- Cited by
- 1,000
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 25.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zenodo.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HZB Repository (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB)) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection
- German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF (01DI17001A)
- European Union (H2020, npSCOPE, 720964)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- microplastics, bottled mineral water, pigment particles, additive particles, PET bottles, glass bottles, reusable bottles, polymer leaching, micro-Raman spectroscopy, particle size distribution
- MeSH terms
- Coloring Agents, Environmental Monitoring, Glass, Mineral Waters, Particle Size, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Drinking Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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