Microplastics in Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments: Evaluating the Current Understanding to Identify the Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Priorities

Horton, Alice A.; Walton, Alexander; Spurgeon, David J.; Lahive, Elma; Svendsen, Claus

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190

Cited by 3,756Microplastics and Plastic PollutionPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

Microplastics in Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments: Evaluating the Current Understanding to Identify the Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Priorities

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Horton, Alice A., Walton, Alexander, Spurgeon, David J., Lahive, Elma, Svendsen, Claus·2017·Science of The Total Environment

DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190

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Abstract

Plastic debris is an environmentally persistent and complex contaminant of increasing concern. Understanding the sources, abundance and composition of microplastics present in the environment is a huge challenge due to the fact that hundreds of millions of tonnes of plastic material is manufactured for societal use annually, some of which is released to the environment. The majority of microplastics research to date has focussed on the marine environment. Although freshwater and terrestrial environments are recognised as origins and transport pathways of plastics to the oceans, there is still a comparative lack of knowledge about these environmental compartments. It is highly likely that microplastics will accumulate within continental environments, especially in areas of high anthropogenic influence such as agricultural or urban areas. This review critically evaluates the current literature on the presence, behaviour and fate of microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments and, where appropriate, also draws on relevant studies from other fields including nanotechnology, agriculture and waste management. Furthermore, we evaluate the relevant biological and chemical information from the substantial body of marine microplastic literature, determining the applicability and comparability of this data to freshwater and terrestrial systems. With the evidence presented, the authors have set out the current state of the knowledge, and identified the key gaps. These include the volume and composition of microplastics entering the environment, behaviour and fate of microplastics under a variety of environmental conditions and how characteristics of microplastics influence their toxicity. Given the technical challenges surrounding microplastics research, it is especially important that future studies develop standardised techniques to allow for comparability of data. The identification of these research needs will help inform the design of future studies, to determine both the extent and potential ecological impacts of microplastic pollution in freshwater and terrestrial environments.

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Freshwater fish may be exposed to and consume comparable levels of microplastics compared with marine fish.
“meaning that freshwater fish may be exposed to and consume comparable levels of microplastics compared with marine fish.13,15,16”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Section 4.1.1 reports synthetic fibres in the digestive systems of wild freshwater fish, supporting the claim that they consume microplastics. Section 3.2 says freshwater surface-water concentrations are generally comparable to the lower end of reported marine concentrations, but the paper does not establish comparable exposure or consumption levels for freshwater and marine fish. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Microplastics appear to be ubiquitous in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and in the body organs of humans and wildlife.
“They appear to be ubiquitous in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems [86] and in the body organs of humans and wildlife [87].”
From Bottled Water: An Evidence-Based Overview of Economic Viability, Environmental Impact, and Social Equity (2023) · cites this paper as [86]
Freshwater bodies are important vectors of microplastic movement thought to be involved in transporting the majority of plastic that ends up in marine environments.
“Freshwater bodies are important vectors of microplastic movement thought to be involved in transporting the majority of plastic that ends up in marine environments, meaning that freshwater fish may be exposed to and consume comparable levels of microplastics compared with marine fish.13,15,16”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
It is still unclear whether microplastic adverse effects arise from physical particle impact, chemical toxicity, or both.
“Furthermore, it remains unclear if adverse effects are caused by a physical impact of the particles themselves, by chemical toxicity or by a combination of both.2”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Field-measured microplastic concentrations in freshwater sediments are far below the calculated EC10 or EC50 effect thresholds for G. pulex.
“Field measured concentrations in freshwater sediments2−4,7,8 although often provisional due to methodological limitations, are far below the calculated EC10 or EC50 effect threshold values for G. pulex.”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors: Horton, A. A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D. J., Lahive, E., & Svendsen, C.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
University of Exeter (GB)
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
Corresponding author: Horton, Alice A.
ORCID: Horton, Alice A.
Spurgeon, David J.
Lahive, Elma
Svendsen, Claus
Venue: Science of The Total Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-05
Volume: 586
Pages: 127-141
ISSN: 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190
OpenAlex: W2583342343
Cited by: 3,756
References: 175
Citations by year: 2026: 391 · 2025: 549 · 2024: 632 · 2023: 552 · 2022: 536 · 2021: 444 · 2020: 351 · 2019: 171 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 26 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 8.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Capability (NEC05093)
NERC GW4+ DTP (NE/L002434/1)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Keywords: microplastics, freshwater ecosystems, terrestrial environment, microplastic composition, microplastic sources, agricultural plastic pollution, microplastic toxicity, knowledge gaps, research priorities

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Microplastics in Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments: Evaluating the Current Understanding to Identify the Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Priorities

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