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Exosome-based bone-targeting drug delivery alleviates impaired osteoblastic bone formation and bone loss in inflammatory bowel diseases

Guo, Jiawei, Wang, Fuxiao, Hu, Yan, Luo, Ying, Wei, Yan, Xu, Ke, Zhang, Hao, Liu, Han, Bo, Lumin, Lv, Shunli, Sheng, Shihao, Zhuang, Xinchen, Zhang, Tao, Xu, Can, Chen, Xiao, Su, Jiacan·2023·Cell Reports Medicine

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Graphical abstract CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 1 UC models showed reduced bone mass but increased bone marrow adipose (A) Representative μCT reconstruction images of the femurs. Overall view (left), trabecular bone (right, upper), cortical bone (right, lower). n = 5. (B) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular bone including BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, BS/BV, Tb.Sp, and SMI. n = 5. (C) Quantitative analysis of the cortical bone including cortical bone thickness (Cb.Th) and total porosity. n = 5. (D) Representative μCT reconstruction images of the bone marrow adipose tissue. Marrow adipose tissue/marrow volume as a quantitative measurement. n = 5. (E) Image of mechanical stress testing. (F) Maximum load and elasticity modulus of the femurs. n = 5. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by non-paired Student’s t test. See also Figures S1–S3.
Figure 1 UC models showed reduced bone mass but increased bone marrow adipose (A) Representative μCT reconstruction images of the femurs. Overall view (left), trabecular bone (right, upper), cortical bone (right, lower). n = 5. (B) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular bone including BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, BS/BV, Tb.Sp, and SMI. n = 5. (C) Quantitative analysis of the cortical bone including cortical bone thickness (Cb.Th) and total porosity. n = 5. (D) Representative μCT reconstruction images of the bone marrow adipose tissue. Marrow adipose tissue/marrow volume as a quantitative measurement. n = 5. (E) Image of mechanical stress testing. (F) Maximum load and elasticity modulus of the femurs. n = 5. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by non-paired Student’s t test. See also Figures S1–S3.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2 UC models showed suppressed osteogenesis but promoted adipogenesis in vivo (A) Representative images of calcein double-labeling assay of periosteum bone (Pb), endosteal bone (Eb), and trabecular bone (Tb) of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (B and C) Bone formation rate (BFR) per bone surface and mineral apposition rate (MAR) of the femurs. n = 5. (D) Immunofluorescence staining of OCN (green) of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (E) Quantitative analysis of OCN+ osteoblast number per bone surface (No.OBs/BS). n = 5. (F) Immunohistochemistry staining of FABP4 (gray) of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (G) Quantitative analysis of FABP4+ fat cell number. n = 5. (H) Ocn and Osterix mRNA expressions. n = 5. (I) Ocn and Osterix protein levels. n = 5. (J) Fabp4 and Adipoq mRNA expressions. n = 5. (K) Fabp4 and Adipoq protein levels. n = 5. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by non-paired Student’s t test. See also Figures S2–S4.
Figure 2 UC models showed suppressed osteogenesis but promoted adipogenesis in vivo (A) Representative images of calcein double-labeling assay of periosteum bone (Pb), endosteal bone (Eb), and trabecular bone (Tb) of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (B and C) Bone formation rate (BFR) per bone surface and mineral apposition rate (MAR) of the femurs. n = 5. (D) Immunofluorescence staining of OCN (green) of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (E) Quantitative analysis of OCN+ osteoblast number per bone surface (No.OBs/BS). n = 5. (F) Immunohistochemistry staining of FABP4 (gray) of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (G) Quantitative analysis of FABP4+ fat cell number. n = 5. (H) Ocn and Osterix mRNA expressions. n = 5. (I) Ocn and Osterix protein levels. n = 5. (J) Fabp4 and Adipoq mRNA expressions. n = 5. (K) Fabp4 and Adipoq protein levels. n = 5. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by non-paired Student’s t test. See also Figures S2–S4.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Inflammation in UC inhibited the proliferation of BMSC in vitro (A) IL-1α, IL-1β, and Tnf-α mRNA expressions. n = 5. (B) Representative images of colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay of BMSC. Colony number as quantitative measurements. n = 5. Scale bar, 500 μm. (C) Representative images of alizarin red S staining of BMSCs after 14 day osteogenic induction. Positive cells as quantitative measurements. n = 5. Scale bars, 500 μm (left) and 50 μm (right). (D) Representative images of oil red staining of BMSCs after 21 day adipogenic induction. Positive cells as quantitative measurements. n = 5. Scale bars, 500 μm (left) and 50 μm (right). (E) Ocn, Osterix, and Runx2 mRNA expressions of human BMSCs after 7 day osteogenic induction, with simultaneous treatment of the serum from health volunteers (control group) and patients with UC (UC group), respectively. n = 6. (F) Fabp4, Adipoq, and Pparγ mRNA expressions of human BMSCs after 7 day adipogenic induction, with simultaneous treatment of the serum from health volunteers (control group) and patients with UC (UC group), respectively. n = 6. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ns, not significant, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by non-paired Student’s t test. See also Figure S5.
Figure 3 Inflammation in UC inhibited the proliferation of BMSC in vitro (A) IL-1α, IL-1β, and Tnf-α mRNA expressions. n = 5. (B) Representative images of colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay of BMSC. Colony number as quantitative measurements. n = 5. Scale bar, 500 μm. (C) Representative images of alizarin red S staining of BMSCs after 14 day osteogenic induction. Positive cells as quantitative measurements. n = 5. Scale bars, 500 μm (left) and 50 μm (right). (D) Representative images of oil red staining of BMSCs after 21 day adipogenic induction. Positive cells as quantitative measurements. n = 5. Scale bars, 500 μm (left) and 50 μm (right). (E) Ocn, Osterix, and Runx2 mRNA expressions of human BMSCs after 7 day osteogenic induction, with simultaneous treatment of the serum from health volunteers (control group) and patients with UC (UC group), respectively. n = 6. (F) Fabp4, Adipoq, and Pparγ mRNA expressions of human BMSCs after 7 day adipogenic induction, with simultaneous treatment of the serum from health volunteers (control group) and patients with UC (UC group), respectively. n = 6. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ns, not significant, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by non-paired Student’s t test. See also Figure S5.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Wnt signaling was inhibited in BMSCs from UC models (A) The sorting strategy of BMSCs by flow cytometry. The BMSC is described as the cluster whose expression pattern is Ly6A/E+CD29+CD45−CD11b−. (B and C) The RNA sequencing results of sorted BMSCs. GO and KEGG analysis of differently expressed genes between BMSCs from control and UC mice. n = 3. (D–G) GSEA revealing the enrichment of differently expressed genes in the Wnt (D), Pparγ (E), calcium (F), and NF-κB (G) signaling pathways, respectively. n = 3. (H) The heatmap based on the differently expressed genes between BMSCs from control and UC mice. Representative genes in the Wnt pathway (i), PPARγ (ii), MAPK (iii), TGF-β (iv), and NF-κB pathway are plotted. n = 3. Data were obtained from biological replicates.
Figure 4 Wnt signaling was inhibited in BMSCs from UC models (A) The sorting strategy of BMSCs by flow cytometry. The BMSC is described as the cluster whose expression pattern is Ly6A/E+CD29+CD45−CD11b−. (B and C) The RNA sequencing results of sorted BMSCs. GO and KEGG analysis of differently expressed genes between BMSCs from control and UC mice. n = 3. (D–G) GSEA revealing the enrichment of differently expressed genes in the Wnt (D), Pparγ (E), calcium (F), and NF-κB (G) signaling pathways, respectively. n = 3. (H) The heatmap based on the differently expressed genes between BMSCs from control and UC mice. Representative genes in the Wnt pathway (i), PPARγ (ii), MAPK (iii), TGF-β (iv), and NF-κB pathway are plotted. n = 3. Data were obtained from biological replicates.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 5 TNF-α promoted β-catenin degradation and inhibited osteogenic gene expression (A) Co-immunoprecipitation of BMSCs treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α. (B) Immunoblotting of downstream molecules of the Wnt and NF-κB signaling pathways in BMSCs after vehicle or recombinant TNF-α treatment. (C) Luciferase reporter assay. BMSC was transfected with β-catenin expression plasmid with TOPFlash reporter. Firefly luciferase activities were measured. (D) Immunoblotting of β-catenin and the presence of ubiquitin. (E) Cycloheximide chasing assay of β-catenin in BMSCs after being treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. (F) Immunoblotting of β-catenin in the cytoplasm and nucleus of BMSCs, which were treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. (G and H) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays on the promoter regions of the Runx2 and Osterix genes were performed in BMSCs treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. n = 3. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ns, not significant, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by paired Student’s t test.
Figure 5 TNF-α promoted β-catenin degradation and inhibited osteogenic gene expression (A) Co-immunoprecipitation of BMSCs treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α. (B) Immunoblotting of downstream molecules of the Wnt and NF-κB signaling pathways in BMSCs after vehicle or recombinant TNF-α treatment. (C) Luciferase reporter assay. BMSC was transfected with β-catenin expression plasmid with TOPFlash reporter. Firefly luciferase activities were measured. (D) Immunoblotting of β-catenin and the presence of ubiquitin. (E) Cycloheximide chasing assay of β-catenin in BMSCs after being treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. (F) Immunoblotting of β-catenin in the cytoplasm and nucleus of BMSCs, which were treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. (G and H) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays on the promoter regions of the Runx2 and Osterix genes were performed in BMSCs treated by vehicle or recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. n = 3. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ns, not significant, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by paired Student’s t test.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Preparation of bone-targeted and drug-loaded nanoparticles (A) Schematic diagram of exosome isolation including cell culture, gradient centrifugation, and drug (Wnt agonist 1) loading. (B) Morphological image of the NP revealed by transmission electron microscope. (C) Diameter distribution of the NP revealed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). (D) The protein level of CD9, HSP70, TSG101, CD63, and GLG1 of GLG1-NP and CTRL-NP revealed by western blotting. (E) Organ distribution of Cy5-labeled NP at 4 and 8 h after tail vein injection revealed by biophotonic imaging analysis.
Figure 6 Preparation of bone-targeted and drug-loaded nanoparticles (A) Schematic diagram of exosome isolation including cell culture, gradient centrifugation, and drug (Wnt agonist 1) loading. (B) Morphological image of the NP revealed by transmission electron microscope. (C) Diameter distribution of the NP revealed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). (D) The protein level of CD9, HSP70, TSG101, CD63, and GLG1 of GLG1-NP and CTRL-NP revealed by western blotting. (E) Organ distribution of Cy5-labeled NP at 4 and 8 h after tail vein injection revealed by biophotonic imaging analysis.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 7 GLG1-NP rescued osteoblastic bone formation in UC models (A) Schematic diagram of UC mice treated by GLG1-NP. The femurs were finally collected on day 28. (B) Representative μCT reconstruction images of the femurs. Overall view (left), Tb (top right), and cortical bone (bottom right). n = 5. (C and D) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular and cortical bone revealed by μCT. n = 5. (E) Representative images of calcein double-labeling assay of Pb, Eb, and Tb of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (F and G) BFR per bone surface and MAR of the femurs. n = 5. (H) Immunofluorescence staining of OCN (green) of the femurs. No.OBs/BS as a quantitative measurement. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (I) Immunohistochemistry staining of FABP4 (gray) of the femurs. FABP4+ fat cell number as a quantitative measurement. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by two-way ANOVA and Turkey’s multiple comparison test for post hoc analysis. See also Figures S6 and S7.
Figure 7 GLG1-NP rescued osteoblastic bone formation in UC models (A) Schematic diagram of UC mice treated by GLG1-NP. The femurs were finally collected on day 28. (B) Representative μCT reconstruction images of the femurs. Overall view (left), Tb (top right), and cortical bone (bottom right). n = 5. (C and D) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular and cortical bone revealed by μCT. n = 5. (E) Representative images of calcein double-labeling assay of Pb, Eb, and Tb of the femurs. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (F and G) BFR per bone surface and MAR of the femurs. n = 5. (H) Immunofluorescence staining of OCN (green) of the femurs. No.OBs/BS as a quantitative measurement. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (I) Immunohistochemistry staining of FABP4 (gray) of the femurs. FABP4+ fat cell number as a quantitative measurement. n = 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. Data are represented as mean ± SD (error bars) from biological replicates. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, by two-way ANOVA and Turkey’s multiple comparison test for post hoc analysis. See also Figures S6 and S7.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Authors
Guo, J., Wang, F., Hu, Y., Luo, Y., Wei, Y., Xu, K., Zhang, H., Liu, H., Bo, L., Lv, S., Sheng, S., Zhuang, X., Zhang, T., Xu, C., Chen, X., & Su, J.
Venue
Cell Reports Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-01
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
100881
ISSN
2666-3791
Cited by
126
References
6
Language
en
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (21QA1412000, 81871099, 82172098, 82230071)
  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People&apos;s Republic of China (2018YFC2001500)
  • Shanghai Municipality Science and Technology Commission
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China
  • Shanghai Rising-Star Program

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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