Cited by 242Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

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Sexual differences in the control of energy homeostasis

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Shi, Haifei, Seeley, Randy J., Clegg, Deborah J.·2009·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.004PMC PMC4517605

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Abstract

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportion with enormous costs in both human lives and healthcare dollars spent. Obesity-related metabolic disorders are much lower in premenopausal women than men; however, there is a dramatic increase following menopause in women. The health risks associated with obesity vary depending on the location of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue distributed in the abdominal visceral carry a much greater risk for metabolic disorders than does adipose tissue distributed subcutaneously. There are distinct sex-dependent differences in the regional fat distribution, women carry more fat subcutaneously whereas men carry more fat viscerally. Males and females differ with respect to their regulation of energy homeostasis. Peripheral adiposity hormones such as leptin and insulin as well as sex hormones directly influence energy balance. Sexual dimorphisms in energy balance, body fat distribution, and the role sex hormones have in mediating these differences are the focus of this review.

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Method
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Background
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Background
Long-Lived αMUPA Mice Show Reduced Sexual Dimorphism in Lifespan, and in Energy and Circadian Homeostasis-Related Parameters
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Background
Impact of Maternal BPA Exposure during Pregnancy on Obesity in Male Offspring: A Mechanistic Mouse Study of Adipose-Derived Exosomal miRNA
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“55 These di ﬀ erences can result in varying susceptibility to metabolic disruptions caused by environmental factors like BPA.”
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BackgroundInfluential
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Regulation of lipin1 by nutritional status, adiponectin, sex and pituitary function in rat white adipose tissue
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Blocking of Estradiol Receptors ERα, ERβ and GPER During Development, Differentially Alters Energy Metabolism in Male and Female Rats
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Effects of High-Fat Diet on Stress Response in Male and Female Wildtype and Prolactin Knockout Mice
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Sexual Dimorphism of a Genetic Risk Score for Obesity and Related Traits among Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
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Soft Drink Consumption in Young Mexican Adults Is Associated with Higher Total Body Fat Percentage in Men but Not in Women
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“As mentioned before, men store more VF, whereas women store more fat in the gluteal–femoral region [56], and here men present 2.”
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SK3 in POMC neurons plays a sexually dimorphic role in energy and glucose homeostasis
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Acute exogenous acyl-GIP treatment enhances lipid handling and fatty acid oxidation by involving brown fat
Lyons, S. A., Lea, M. B. S., Parikh, M., Guo, Z., Kagdi, S., Bisnauth, A. R., Pitino, J. R., Ziai, S., Mir, N., Tyrrell, A. D., et al. (2025) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/s44319-025-00582-7 · Cited by 8
“Fourthly, given the sex-based differences in lipid metabolism (Palmisano et al, 2018; Shi et al, 2009), we cannot extend ﬁ ndings from this current study to female mice.”
Serum starvation induces sexual dimorphisms in secreted proteins of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from twin pairs
Lorenz, M., Witt, E., Völker, U., Stangl, K., Stangl, V., & Hammer, E. (2022) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202100168 · Cited by 10
“differ in their regulation of energy homeostasis [11].”
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Comparison of effect of sex hormone manipulation during neonatal period, on mRNA expression of Slc9a4, Nr3c2, Htr5b and Mas1 in hippocampus and frontal cortex of male and female rats.
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Adult Consequences of Post-weaning High Fat Feeding on the Limbic—HPA Axis of Female Rats
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“dency of males to develop obesity-related disorders than females (Shi et al. 2009).”
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Gabra5 plays a sexually dimorphic role in POMC neuron activity and glucose balance
Zhou, P., He, Y., Bean, J. C., Yang, Y., Liu, H., Yu, M., Yu, K., Hyseni, I., Cai, X., Liu, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.889122 · Cited by 8
Inhibitor of Differentiation 3, a Transcription Factor, Regulates Hyperlipidemia-Associated Kidney Disease
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha inhibits hypothalamic leptin receptor signaling and regulates body weight in vivo
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“Although these factors may be relevant for AKO mice as well, estrogen is known to help regulate energy status by affecting leptin sensitivity in the brain (47), more prominently in females (48, 49).”
Background
Mitochondria and Lipid Droplets: Focus on the Molecular Structure of Contact Sites in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome
Litvinova, L. S., Vulf, M. A., Yurova, K. A., Хазиахматова, О. Г., Malashchenko, V. V., Bograya, M., Kozlov, I. G., & Тодосенко, Н. М. (2024) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673309247240610050423 · Cited by 6
Sex Differences in Glucose Homeostasis
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Sex differences in obesity development in pair-fed neuronal lipoprotein lipase deficient mice
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Vitamin D and Human Reproduction
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Sigma-1 receptor antagonist, PD144418, selectively reduces female motivation for food during negative energy balance
Tapia, M. A., Lee, J. R., Bathe, E. L., Rivera, L. L., Mason, K., Cessac, M. E., Bodeen, J. L., Miller, D. K., & Will, M. J. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112087 · Cited by 6
The loss of ERE-dependent ERα signaling potentiates the effects of maternal high-fat diet on energy homeostasis in female offspring fed an obesogenic diet
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Deficiency of GPR10 and NPFFR2 receptors leads to sex-specific prediabetic syndrome and late-onset obesity in mice
Morgan, A., Shekhar, N., Strnadová, V., Pirník, Z., Haasová, E., Kopecký, J., Pačesová, A., Železná, B., Kuneš, J., Bardová, K., et al. (2024) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20241103 · Cited by 5
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Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake
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Sex-bias metabolism of fetal organs, and their relationship to the regulation of fetal brain-placental axis
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Diet-induced obesity disrupts sexually dimorphic gene expression in mice
Ribas, V., Morón‐Ros, S., Marí, H., Gracia-Batllori, A., Brugnara, L., Herrero-Gómez, A., Eyre, E., Claret, M., Marco‐Rius, I., Novials, A., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2025 · Cited by 4
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Comparative study on the accuracy of speech recognition using a contact microphone attached to the surface of the head and neck
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Rho-Kinase Is Differentially Expressed in the Adipose Tissue of Rodent and Human in Response to Aging, Sex, and Acute Exercise
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“…(ER) α , ER β and G-protein coupled ER (GPER) inhibits food intake and regulates adipose tissue distribution in males and females (Roepke, 2009; Shi et al., 2009; Asarian and Geary, 2013; Mauvais-Jarvis et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2011; Frank et al., 2014; Santollo and Daniels, 2015; Ponnusamy…”
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Resting metabolic rate in obesity
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“Due to the effects of sex hormone-dependent and independent sex differences on fat distribution, hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, men may be more prone to elevated fasting glucose, whereas women may be more prone to impaired glucose tolerance (Nuutila et al., 1995; Unw…”
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Authors: Shi, H., Seeley, R. J., & Clegg, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Cincinnati (US)
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Clegg, Deborah J.
ORCID: Shi, Haifei
Seeley, Randy J.
Clegg, Deborah J.
Venue: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-08
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 396-404
ISSN: 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.004
PMC: PMC4517605
OpenAlex: W2073795741
Cited by: 242
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 2.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK73689, R01DK073689, F32DK075255)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: sexual dimorphism, energy homeostasis, obesity, menopause, sex hormones, leptin, insulin, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, regional fat distribution, energy balance, metabolic disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Energy Metabolism, Estrogens, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Models, Biological, Obesity, Sex Characteristics, Body Fat Distribution

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Sexual differences in the control of energy homeostasis

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