The DOI matches its Crossref record; 177 of the 177 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and women. With the plethora of sex differences in brain structure, function, and stress responsivity, as well as differences in exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations and experiences, the challenge is to understand which sex differences are relevant to affective illness. This review will focus on clinical aspects of sex differences in affective disorders including the emergence of sex differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events. Biological, cultural, and experiential factors that may underlie sex differences in the phenomenology of mood and anxiety disorders are discussed.
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“This result is consistent with previous studies showing that women experience anxiety more and are twice more likely to develop anxiety disorders over their lifetime than men [42].”
From Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“with women at an increased risk (96, 97)”
From Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
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“Other studies do not distinguish between gender and sex differences, 23 which may lead to ambiguity in the analysis.”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Notably, IDs are highly comorbid [17–19] with females [20–23] and young people (i.e. <65 years) [8, 10, 17–19, 22, 24–29] disproportionately affected.”
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“These findings are consistent with previous studies that females have shown higher rates of depressive symptoms (Kandel and Davies, 1982), generalized anxiety disorder (Altemus et al., 2014; Kessler et al., 1994), and suicidal ideation (Borges et al., 2006; Crosby et al., 1999).”
From Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Altemus et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“and surprising given that women are more susceptible to anxiety and depressive disorders than men (53).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
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Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 2×
“2% and lifetime rates are 2–3% (Kessler et al., 2005; Ruscio et al., 2010), with a similar prevalence internationally (Weissman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialFelitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · cited 9×
“The lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder is higher in women at 5.7–15.5% compared to 4.2–11.1% in men (Kessler et al., 1994; Grant et al., 2005), with the sex difference in prevalence emerging prior to puberty (Beesdo et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialPosttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · cited 5×
“4% for women based on the National Comorbidity Survey (Kessler et al., 1995) Other studies also consistently”
BackgroundInfluentialMeta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748 · Cited by 5,243 · cited 2×
“There is disagreement as to whether men or women have greater exposure to trauma (Robin et al., 1997; Breslau et al., 1999; CDC, 2010) and sex itself is relatively weak predictor of trauma exposure (Brewin et al., 2000).”
BackgroundDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
(2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.893619 · Cited by 4,412
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411 · Cited by 3,308 · cited 3×
“, 2003), In general, under conditions of perceived threat, men are more likely to escape or cope by taking action, and women are more likely to express affiliative behavior and seek support from others (Taylor et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.94 · Cited by 2,771 · cited 5×
“2% and lifetime rates are 2–3% (Kessler et al., 2005; Ruscio et al., 2010), with a similar prevalence internationally (Weissman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMerikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., Greenberg, P. E., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Petukhova, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543 · Cited by 2,399 · cited 1×
“The lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder in the National Comorbidty Survey Replication was 0.8% in men and 1.1% in women and the lifetime prevalence of bipolar II disorder is 0.9% in men and 1.3% in women (Merikangas et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why is depression more common among women than among men?
Kuehner, C. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30263-2 · Cited by 1,752
Kessler, R. C., Sampson, N. A., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L., Bunting, B., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2015) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796015000189 · Cited by 636
“…here are broadly consistent with previous studies in finding higher rates of both anxiety disorders and MDD among women (Parker & Brotchie, 2010; Altemus et al. 2014) and the previously married (Scott et al. 2010; Leach et al. 2013) along with less consistent inverse associations with age (de…”
ResultBarzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Greenberg, D. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Brown, L. A., White, L. K., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4 · Cited by 634
Sex differences in anxiety and depression: circuits and mechanisms
Bangasser, D. A., & Cuarenta, A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00513-0 · Cited by 479
Farhane-Medina, N. Z., Luque, B., Tabernero, C., & Castillo-Mayén, R. (2022) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504221135469 · Cited by 409
“Our results complement and expand the findings of recent reviews that address this topic by focusing only on biological factors,(21,74) those that consider gender-sex differences but only in a specific anxiety disorder,(74,75) or those that do not clearly distinguish between gender and sex differences.(23) A novel con…”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Neill Epperson, C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Altemus, Margaret
- ORCID
- Altemus, Margaret
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 320-330
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4890708
- OpenAlex
- W2049163404
- Cited by
- 1,413
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health and NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health (P50 MH099910)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24 DA03031)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sex differences, anxiety disorders, depression, mood disorders, reproductive hormones, reproductive events, stress responsivity, social expectations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological
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