Cited by 479Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchStress Responses and Cortisol

Sex differences in anxiety and depression: circuits and mechanisms

Bangasser, Debra A., Cuarenta, Amelia·2021·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Abstract

Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are understudied, because preclinical studies have historically excluded female rodents. This oversight is beginning to be addressed, and recent studies that include male and female rodents are identifying sex differences in neurobiological processes that underlie features of these disorders, including conflict anxiety, fear processing, arousal, social avoidance, learned helplessness and anhedonia. These findings allow us to conceptualize various types of sex differences in the brain, which in turn have broader implications for considering sex as a biological variable. Importantly, comparing the sexes could aid in the discovery of novel therapeutics.

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41583-021-00513-0

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Authors
Bangasser, D. A., & Cuarenta, A.
Affiliations
Temple University (US)
Venue
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Published
2021-09-20
Volume
22
Issue
11
Pages
674-684
ISSN
  • 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-0048
OpenAlex
W3200422364
Cited by
479
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 102 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 2
FWCI
9.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
sex differences, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, female rodents, neurobiology of anxiety, fear processing, arousal, social avoidance, learned helplessness, anhedonia, sex as a biological variable
MeSH terms
Animals, Anxiety, Brain, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Sex Characteristics

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