The co-occurrence of smoking and a major depressive episode among mothers 15 months after delivery
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine the association between maternal smoking 15 months after delivery and the occurrence of a major depressive episode in the prior 12 months.Methods Data were obtained from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a birth cohort study. In 20 U.S. cities, 4898 mothers were surveyed at delivery in the years 1998 to 2000. In a survey 15 months later, 4353 (89%) of the mothers reported their smoking behavior and symptoms of a major depressive episode during the prior 12 months.Results At the follow-up survey, 26.6% of mothers reported that they were current smokers and 13.6% reported that they had symptoms of a major depressive episode during the prior 12 months. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) of a major depressive episode was higher among smokers than nonsmokers: 17.7% (15.7%, 19.8%) vs. 12.1% (10.9%, 13.3%). Smoking was also more common among mothers with a major depressive episode than in those without one: 34.0% (30.6%, 37.4%) vs. 25.5% (24.1%, 26.8%).Conclusion Smoking and depression often co-occur among mothers with infants. This suggests that these conditions should not be diagnosed or treated in isolation from each other and that the care of mothers and children should be integrated.
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Smoking was more common among mothers with a major depressive episode than among those without.
“The prevalence of PPD was higher among smokers than nonsmokers; conversely, smoking was also more common among mothers with a major depressive episode.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [87]
The prevalence of postpartum depression was higher among smokers than nonsmokers.
“The prevalence of PPD was higher among smokers than nonsmokers; conversely, smoking was also more common among mothers with a major depressive episode.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [87]
Smoking and depression often co-occurred among mothers during the postpartum period.
“One study showed that smoking and depression often co-occurred among mothers during the postpartum period.87”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [87]
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- Authors
- Whitaker, R. C., Orzol, S. M., & Kahn, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Mathematica Policy Research (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitaker, Robert C.
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 476-480
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2263136
- OpenAlex
- W2063995509
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD36916, K23-HD40362, K23HD040362, R01 HD41141, R01HD041141, R01HD036916)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- maternal smoking, postpartum depression, major depressive episode, mothers, postpartum period, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Mothers, Poverty, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Single Parent, Comorbidity, Odds Ratio, Depression, Postpartum
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