Human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability among parents of adolescent girls: Obstacles and challenges in Mysore, India
Abstract
Objective Worldwide, 530,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 275,000 die annually. India bears the greatest burden of the disease with 132,000 cases and 74,000 deaths yearly. Widespread uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine could reduce incidence and mortality by two-thirds. This study explored obstacles and facilitators of parental acceptability of HPV vaccine. Methods In 2010, questionnaires were sent home with a random sample of 800 girls attending 12 schools in Mysore city to be completed by a parent. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equation to account for potential clustering by school. Results Of the 797 completed surveys; 71% reported willingness to accept HPV vaccine for their daughters. The adjusted odds of acceptance was higher among participants who received recommendation from their parents, perceived cervical cancer as a serious disease, believed that HPV vaccine was safe, or felt that vaccination was a good way to protect against cervical cancer. Parents who had concerns about vaccine side-effects or thought that it would cause pain had lower odds of acceptance. Conclusion Future promotion of vaccine should emphasize safety of immunization and involve promotion to the extended family, so that they actively recommend immunization of young adolescent girls.
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Uptake of HPV vaccination in general has been low in India due to misperceptions about HPV infection, cervical cancer and HPV vaccine, and due to cultural reasons.
“However, uptake of HPV vaccination in general has been low due to misperceptions about HPV infection, cervical cancer and HPV vaccine, and due to cultural reasons in India.”
From Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability among Parents of Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area, Mysore, India (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The questionnaire was validated in Kannada (the local language in the study area) and had been used in another study before it was used in this study.
“The questionnaire was validated in Kannada (local language in the study area) and has been used in another study14 before it was used in this study.”
From Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability among Parents of Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area, Mysore, India (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Much of the research to date about HPV vaccine acceptability in India has been limited to urban areas, with very limited information available from rural India where 60% of the Indian population resides.
“Much of the research to date about HPV vaccine acceptability in India has been limited to urban areas with very limited information being available from rural India where 60% of the Indian population resides.”
From Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability among Parents of Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area, Mysore, India (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
HPV vaccine acceptance in this rural Mysore population was higher than reported among parents in other regions of India (46-74%) and other south Asian countries (26.5-84.0%).
“There was a higher rate of HPV vaccine acceptance in this population as compared to that reported among parents in the other regions of India (Range: 46% to 74%) 13,14,22 and other countries in south Asia (Range: 26.5% to 84.0%).23-26”
From Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability among Parents of Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area, Mysore, India (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Within the same district, vaccine acceptance in this rural study population was greater than among parents living in the urban region (71.1%).
“Even within the same district, vaccine acceptance in this rural study population was greater than among parents living in the urban region (71.1%).14”
From Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability among Parents of Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area, Mysore, India (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
A study among urban parents in the same district reported an association between the belief that injection may cause pain and lower odds of HPV vaccine acceptance.
“A study among urban parents in the same district also reported association of the belief that injection may cause pain with a lower odds of HPV vaccine acceptance.14”
From Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability among Parents of Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area, Mysore, India (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Recent developments include the introduction of low-cost vaccines like Cervavac.
“At the policy level, high vaccine costs, lack of integration into national immunisation programmes, and limited public funding restricted access, although there were recent developments such as the introduction of low-cost vaccines like Cervavac11,17,21.”
From Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
At the policy level, high vaccine costs, lack of integration into national immunisation programmes, and limited public funding restricted access.
“At the policy level, high vaccine costs, lack of integration into national immunisation programmes, and limited public funding restricted access, although there were recent developments such as the introduction of low-cost vaccines like Cervavac11,17,21.”
From Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
At the individual level, limited knowledge, cultural misconceptions, and attitudinal barriers such as fear of side effects or concerns about morality were key problems, especially among less educated or rural populations.
“At the individual level, limited knowledge, cultural misconceptions, and attitudinal barriers, such as fear of side effects or concerns about morality were key problems, especially among less educated or rural populations12,14,17,19,28,37,38.”
From Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
High cost per dose of commercially available vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix makes them unaffordable for most Indian families, particularly in rural and low-income settings.
“Several studies cited the high cost per dose for commercially available vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix, making them unaffordable for most Indian families, particularly in rural and low-income settings17,21,31.”
From Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Cost is a primary barrier to HPV vaccination in India.
“Cost emerged as a primary barrier.”
From Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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“At the individual level, limited knowledge, cultural misconceptions, and attitudinal barriers, such as fear of side effects or concerns about morality were key problems, especially among less educated or rural populations 12,14,17,19,28,37,38 .”
- Authors
- Madhivanan, P., Li, T., Srinivas, V., Marlow, L., Mukherjee, S., & Krupp, K.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Public Health Research Institute Of India (IN)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Madhivanan, Purnima
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 64
- Pages
- 69-74
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966238437
- Semantic Scholar
- 8255c38e0e3c75232202fbcf5529002c34bb3ffa
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Merck & Co., Inc.
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Keywords
- HPV vaccine, vaccine acceptance, parental attitudes, adolescent girls, cervical cancer prevention, vaccine safety beliefs, vaccine side effect concerns, barriers to vaccination, Mysore
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Child, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Humans, India, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Parents, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Religion, School Health Services, Urban Population, Logistic Models, Marital Status, Papillomavirus Infections, Parental Consent, Papillomavirus Vaccines
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