The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 28 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The effectiveness of school-based physical activity interventions for adolescent girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Physical activity (PA) decreases during the transition from childhood to adolescence, with larger declines observed in girls. School-based interventions are considered the most promising approach for increasing adolescents' PA levels although, it is unclear which types of school-based interventions have the greatest impact. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the impact and design of school-based PA interventions targeting adolescent girls. A systematic search was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PsychInfo). This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42016037428) and PRISMA guidelines (2009) were followed throughout. Twenty studies were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and were included in a narrative synthesis. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion in a meta-analysis. There was a significant small positive treatment effect for school-based PA interventions for adolescent girls (k=17, g=0.37, p<0.05). After an outlier was removed (residual z=7.61) the average treatment effect was significantly reduced, indicating a very small positive effect (k=16, g=0.07, p=0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed very small significant effects for multi-component interventions (k=7, g=0.09, p<0.05), interventions underpinned by theory (k=12, g=0.07, p<0.05), and studies with a higher risk of bias (k=13, g=0.09, p<0.05). Intervention effects were very small which indicates that changing PA behaviors in adolescent girls through school-based interventions is challenging. Multi-component interventions and interventions underpinned by theory may be the most effective approaches to positively change adolescent girls' PA.
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TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that school-based physical activity interventions for adolescent girls had only a very small positive effect after removing an outlier. Multi-component interventions and interventions underpinned by theory showed small significant effects, but changing adolescent girls’ physical activity through school-based programmes remains challenging.
Key findings
- Across 17 studies, school-based physical activity interventions showed a significant small positive treatment effect for adolescent girls (k=17, g=0.37, p<.05). After removing one outlier (Taymoori et al., 2008; residual z=7.61), the effect fell to a very small positive effect (k=16, g=0.07, p=.05).
- Subgroup analyses found very small significant effects for multi-component interventions (k=7, g=0.09, p<.05), interventions underpinned by theory (k=12, g=0.07, p<.05), and studies with higher risk of bias (k=13, g=0.09, p<.05).
- Heterogeneity was high in the main analysis (Q=80.12, p<0.001; I²=94.91%) and substantially reduced after outlier removal (Q=23.98, p=0.05; I²=0.01%). Publication bias was indicated: trim-and-fill added 3 studies and reduced the overall effect by 0.01; Orwin’s fail-safe N was 16; Egger’s regression test was significant (z=2.07, p<.05).
- The review included 20 studies in narrative synthesis, evaluating 10,755 girls (mean age=12.88 years); 17 studies were eligible for meta-analysis.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016037428) and reported using PRISMA. Four databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and PsychInfo; journal articles published in English after 31/12/2004 up to 01/12/2016 were considered.
- Inclusion criteria covered school-based physical activity interventions among adolescent girls (mean age 11–18 years), with objectively measured or self-reported physical activity outcomes; mixed-sex studies were included if girls’ data were reported separately or provided on request. Twenty studies met criteria for narrative synthesis, and 17 had sufficient data for meta-analysis.
- Meta-analysis used R with the metafor package, random-effects models, and Hedges’ g. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochrane’s Q and I²; subgroup analyses examined measurement method, intervention duration, risk of bias, intervention design, underpinning theory, and target sex. Outliers and publication bias were assessed using residual values, funnel plots, trim-and-fill, Orwin’s fail-safe N, and Egger’s regression test.
Limitations
- The paper states that 21 studies were excluded because authors did not respond to requests for physical activity data by gender within a 7-day timescale; this limited response time could have doubled the number of included studies, and interaction by sex tests were not explored for those studies.
- The paper states that including all study types, including feasibility and pilot studies, may have affected overall findings because these tended to be smaller-scale projects with small sample sizes. It also notes that where multiple primary physical activity outcomes were reported, MVPA or MPA was used where possible, but alternative outcomes such as steps and accelerometer counts were sometimes included.
- The paper reports that all studies scored weakly for allocation concealment and/or blinding, only two studies attempted to blind intervention staff, and most studies did not explicitly explain randomisation. Evident from the text: the main pooled estimate had very high heterogeneity before outlier removal, publication bias was judged highly probable, and only 3 mixed-sex studies were available for the target-sex subgroup analysis.
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31 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 6 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity analysis indicated significant between-study variance (Q= 80.12, p<0.001;I 2 = 94.91%).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant effects were observed for studies with * or ** bias ratings (k= 13, g = 0.09, p<.05), for multi-component interventions (k= 7, g = 0.09, p<.05), and for interventions underpinned by theory (k= 12, g = 0.07, p<.05) but the magnitudes of these were small (Table 4).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although heterogeneity from the pooled analysis was low, the individual effects from the included studies were extremely inconsistent, ranging from g= -0.29 to 1.04.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After an outlier was removed (residual z = 7.61) the average treatment effect was significantly reduced, indicating a very small positive effect (k = 16, g= 0.07, p=.05).”
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · hedged
“Once this study was removed the average treatment effect was significantly reduced by 0.30, indicating a very small positive effect which approached significance (k = 16, g= 0.07, p=.05) (Figure 2).”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · hedged
“The meta-analysis results indicate that school-based PA interventions have only a very small effect on adolescent girls' PA levels.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty studies were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and were included in a narrative synthesis.”
- Also stated in: § 3.1 Literature Search · plain
“After screening and eligibility assessments, 20 records met the inclusion criteria for the narrative synthesis (Figure 1).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.1 Literature Search · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“interventions underpinned by theory (k= 12, g = 0.07, p<.05)”
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
“Significant effects were observed for studies with * or ** bias ratings (k= 13, g = 0.09, p<.05), for multi-component interventions (k= 7, g = 0.09, p<.05), and for interventions underpinned by theory (k= 12, g = 0.07, p<.05) but the magnitudes of these were small (Table 4).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of the funnel plot for publication bias indicated asymmetry.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Egger's regression test was significant (z = 2.07, p<.05).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifteen studies provided outcome data with <20% dropout/withdrawal rates.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analysis revealed very small significant effects for multi-component interventions (k= 7, g= 0.09, p<.05)”
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
“Significant effects were observed for studies with * or ** bias ratings (k= 13, g = 0.09, p<.05), for multi-component interventions (k= 7, g = 0.09, p<.05), and for interventions underpinned by theory (k= 12, g = 0.07, p<.05) but the magnitudes of these were small (Table 4).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Orwin's fail-safe N calculation suggested that there would need to be 16 unpublished studies to reduce the treatment effect to a target effect size of g= 0.11”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only seven of the included studies described the randomisation processes.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion in a meta-analysis.”
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
“Of the 20 studies included in the narrative synthesis 17 provided sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analysis.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
In the paper
“The Taymoori et al. (2008) intervention was identified as an outlier due to large residual effects (z= 7.61).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taymoori et al., 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity was also substantially reduced when the outlier was removed (Q = 23.98,p = 0.05; I 2 = 0.01%).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining six studies, which used relatively modest sample sizes (n ≤ 203) did not specify the use of a behaviour change model”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.3 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk of bias scores did not appear to be associated with intervention effectiveness.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only five of the studies underpinned by behaviour change theory lasted 12 months or longer.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.3 Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of studies showed low withdrawal and dropout rates (<20%) which is positive considering the range of participant numbers and measurement methods reported.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Modified PE lessons were commonly used as single component interventions or as part of multicomponent interventions, and were effective in significantly increasing lesson time PA (Bronikowski & Bronikowska, 2011;Fairclough & Stratton, 2005;How et al., 2013;Martin & Fairclough, 2008).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bronikowski & Bronikowska, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Fairclough & Stratton, 2005
- Not checked yetcites How et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, accelerometers were the preferred method of measurement, in 7 out of 8 studies conducted since 2010.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current review reveals a shift in the last seven years in school-based PA interventions for adolescent girls towards objective measurements of PA rather than subjective measures.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Modified PE lessons were commonly used as single component interventions or as part of multicomponent interventions, and were effective in significantly increasing lesson time PA (Bronikowski & Bronikowska, 2011;Fairclough & Stratton, 2005;How et al., 2013;Martin & Fairclough, 2008).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bronikowski & Bronikowska, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Fairclough & Stratton, 2005
- Not checked yetcites How et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multi-component interventions were also found to have small significant effects.”
- Also stated in: § 4.3 Conclusion · hedged
“Sub-group analyses indicated small but significant effects for multicomponent interventions and interventions underpinned by theory.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.3 Conclusion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis indicated a small but significant positive effect of school-based”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.3 Conclusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sub-group analyses indicated small but significant effects for multicomponent interventions and interventions underpinned by theory.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.3 Conclusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies that scored poorly (* or **) for risk of bias showed a small significant effect in subgroup analyses.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intervention effects were very small which indicates that changing PA behaviors in adolescent girls through school-based interventions is challenging.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“the observed small effect illustrates the difficulties and challenges of positively impacting adolescent girls' PA behaviours through the school setting.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these results indicated a high probability of publication bias.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Schoolbased multi-component interventions are well supported as effective approaches to impact adolescent PA levels (Kriemler et al., 2011;Pearson et al., 2015;Van Sluijs, McMinn, & Griffin, 2007).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, poor scores may have been due to poor reporting rather than poor methodological design.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, PE occurs infrequently within schools (usually 1-2 hours per week) and accounts for only a very small percentage of weekly waking hours, therefore its impact on total daily MVPA is limited.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical education occurs infrequently within schools, usually 1-2 hours per week, and accounts for only a very small percentage of weekly waking hours.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of accelerometer-based measures allows for a more accurate assessment of PA intensity (Butte, Ekelund, & Westerterp, 2012;Cain, Sallis, Conway, Van Dyck, & Calhoon, 2013;De Vries et al., 2009).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Butte, Ekelund, & Westerterp, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Cain, Sallis, Conway, Van Dyck, & Calhoon, 2013
- Not checked yetcites De Vries et al., 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Without a detailed explanation of the randomisation process, it could not be confirmed that the groups were truly distributed randomly (Higgins & Green, 2011).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Higgins & Green, 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty one studies were excluded from the final synthesis because the authors did not respond to requests to provide PA data by gender within the 7-day timescale allowed.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.1 Strengths and Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This supports previous research which has shown the impact of modified PE lessons designed to increase MVPA, with students engaging in 24% more MVPA during modified PE compared with students in usual PE practice conditions (Lonsdale et al., 2013).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lonsdale et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Enjoyment has been found to partially mediate the positive effect of modified PE interventions (Dishman et al., 2005), which further emphasises the importance of choice and enjoyment within school-based interventions for adolescent girls.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dishman et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although eleven studies stated a randomisation procedure, the majority (n=10) did not provide an explicit explanation of the randomisation process”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen studies employed objective measures of PA, either for the complete sample size or for a sub-sample.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses also revealed no effect for whether the interventions were targeted at girls only or mixed-sex, although only 3 mixed sex studies were included.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All studies scored weakly for allocation of concealment and/or blinding, with just two studies attempting to blind intervention staff (Jago et al., 2012;Webber et al., 2008).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim and fill procedure added 3 studies to the left side of the plot which reduced the overall treatment effect by 0.01.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.10 Meta-analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant small positive treatment effect for schoolbased PA interventions for adolescent girls (k=17, g= 0.37, p<.05).”
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
“The meta-analysis revealed a significant small positive treatment effect (k=17, g= 0.37, p<.05,)”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.10 Meta-analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few studies reported theoretical fidelity, which precludes direct inferences being made between intervention effectiveness and underpinning theory.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As found in previous reviews, both for PA interventions for adolescents (Camacho-Minano et al., 2011) and schoolbased behavioural interventions (Khambalia, Dickinson, Hardy, Gill, & Baur, 2012), allocation concealment and blinding were usually absent, and this negatively affected the risk of bias scores for the majority of included studies.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Camacho-Minano et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Khambalia, Dickinson, Hardy, Gill, & Baur, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Risk of bias scores were low across the included interventions mainly due to the need for a greater explanation of the randomisation process which is consistent with a previous systematic review of adolescent girls (Camacho-Minano et al., 2011).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Camacho-Minano et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one study received a 'very strong' risk of bias score (Jago et al., 2012); three studies received a 'strong' risk of bias score (Fairclough & Stratton, 2005;Jago et al., 2015;Webber et al., 2008); ten studies received a 'moderate' risk of bias score”
- Also stated in: § 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories · plain
“six studies received a 'weak' risk of bias score (Bronikowski & Bronikowska, 2011;Haerens et al., 2006;Pate et al., 2005;Schofield et al., 2005;Spruijt-Metz et al., 2008;Young et al., 2006).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multicomponent interventions and interventions underpinned by theory may be the most effective approaches to positively change adolescent girls' PA.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was reported that a lack of convincing evidence exists that interventions underpinned by theory were more effective than those with no specified theory (Mears & Jago, 2016).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mears & Jago, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42016037428)”
- Also stated in: § 1. Methods · plain
“This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42016037428).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § 1. Methods · plain
In the paper
“This is consistent with findings from a recent review investigating the effectiveness of after-school PA interventions to increase MVPA (Mears & Jago, 2016).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mears & Jago, 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“PRISMA guidelines (2009) were followed throughout.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Methods · plain
“This review adhered to the PRISMA reporting guidelines for systematic reviews (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § 1. Methods · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These difficulties may in part be due to a number of factors such as, social or cultural norms, ability to provide a wide range of PA opportunities, short-term intervention periods, PA measurement methods, and small sample sizes which precluded the detection of significance.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initially, the first author (MO) screened all titles and abstracts for obvious irrelevance, and a random sample (20%) were also checked by another author (WC).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inclusion of all study types, including feasibility and pilot studies, may have impacted the overall findings of the review as these tended to be smaller scale projects with small sample sizes.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.1 Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multicomponent intervention designs are consistent with the concept of Comprehensive School PA Programmes (CSPAPs), which are recommended as effective strategies to increase young people's PA (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013;World Health Organisation, 2010).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013
- Not checked yetcites World Health Organisation, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The full-text of eligible studies were then retrieved and reviewed by two authors (MO and WC).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relevant data from the selected studies were extracted by the first author (MO) and checked by the second author (WC) (see Table 1).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 2.3 Data Extraction and Synthesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Camacho-Minano et al. (2011) and Pearson et al. (2015) suggested that school-based PA interventions are the most promising setting to impact adolescent girls' PA levels.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Similarly, Camacho-Minano et al. (2011) suggested that school-based interventions are more effective when enjoyment of PE is prioritised and girls are given freedom of choice of activities.”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Camacho-Minano et al., 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This could be due to the structure a school environment provides and the influence schools have on girls of this age (Kohl & Cook, 2013).”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohl & Cook, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mixed-sex interventions may be as effective for girls as girls-only interventions.
“when mixed-sex interventions could be equally as effective for girls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical education occurs infrequently within schools, usually 1-2 hours per week, and accounts for only a very small percentage of weekly waking hours.
“However, PE occurs infrequently within schools (usually 1-2 hours per week) and accounts for only a very small percentage of weekly waking hours, therefore its impact on total daily MVPA is limited.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the theory of expanded, extended, and enhanced opportunities (TEO), which proposes a common taxonomy to identify appropriate targets for interventions across different settings and contexts, could afford a more practical approach to school-based PA interventions.19, 37”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“the theory of expanded, extended, and enhanced opportunities (TEO), which proposes a common taxonomy to identify appropriate targets for interventions across different settings and contexts, could afford a more practical approach to school-based PA interventions.19, 37”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 2.07reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .038
“(z = 2.07, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.4 Intervention Characteristics
“three were after-school dance interventions (Jago et al., 2015;Jago et al., 2012)”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.5 Intervention Delivery
“Two were delivered by dance instructors (Jago et al., 2015;Jago et al., 2012), who taught dance-specific sessions.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 3.7 Behaviour Change Theories
“Only one study received a 'very strong' risk of bias score (Jago et al., 2012); three studies received a 'strong' risk of bias score (Fairclough & Stratton, 2005;Jago et al., 2015;Webber et al., 2008)”
§ The Effectiveness of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis > 4.3 Conclusion
“| 8. | Jago et al. | X | | X | X | *** | | | 2012 | | | | | | | 9. | Jago et al. | X | X | X | X | **** | | | 2015 | | | | | |”
Citations
Cites
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Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.12 · Cited by 6,793
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Higgins, 2011, Vol. 4
- Martin, 2008, Dance as a health enhancing physical activity: an extra-curricular teaching intervention to increase physical activity in girls dance, Physical Education Matters, 3, 37
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30323-2 · Cited by 4,033
Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: Current evidence and opportunities for intervention
van Sluijs, E. M. F., Ekelund, U., Crochemore-Silva, I., Guthold, R., Ha, A., Lubans, D., Oyeyemi, A. L., Ding, D., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01259-9 · Cited by 919
Jones, M., Defever, E., Letsinger, A., Steele, J., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.009 · Cited by 189
“The TEO has been proposed to provide a common taxonomy to identify appropriate interventions across different settings and afford a more practical approach to school-based PA interventions.(19,37) Expanded PA opportunity was a more promising intervention approach (moderate evidence rating) than extending (inconclusive…”
BackgroundMethodDuffey, K., Barbosa, A., Whiting, S., Mendes, R., Aguirre, I. Y., Tcymbal, A., Abu‐Omar, K., Gelius, P. C., & Breda, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.743935 · Cited by 213
Physical Activity Assessment and Counseling in Pediatric Clinical Settings
Lobelo, F., Muth, N. D., Hanson, S. K., Nemeth, B. A., OBESITY, S. O., LaBella, C. R., Brooks, M. A., Canty, G. S., Diamond, A. B., Hennrikus, W. L., et al. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3992 · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- Owen, M. B., Curry, W. B., Kerner, C., Newson, L., & Fairclough, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Edge Hill University (GB)
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Owen, Michael B.
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 105
- Pages
- 237-249
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2759514624
- Semantic Scholar
- f5cac54bc86ac5fadc6ebf0610b7770bd78ce25a
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Edge Hill University (submittedVersion)
- University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- school-based intervention, physical activity, adolescent girls, physical activity promotion, multicomponent intervention, theory-based intervention, intervention effectiveness, risk of bias, transition to adolescence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Health Promotion, Humans, Schools, Health Behavior, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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