Should we screen for frailty in primary care settings? A fresh perspective on the frailty evidence base: A narrative review

Ambagtsheer, Rachel C.; Beilby, Justin J.; Visvanathan, Renuka; Dent, Elsa; Yu, Solomon; Braunack-Mayer, Annette J.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.12.020

Cited by 95Frailty in Older AdultsPharmaceutical Practices and Patient OutcomesChronic Disease Management Strategies

Should we screen for frailty in primary care settings? A fresh perspective on the frailty evidence base: A narrative review

Ambagtsheer, Rachel C., Beilby, Justin J., Visvanathan, Renuka, Dent, Elsa, Yu, Solomon, Braunack-Mayer, Annette J.·2019·Preventive Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.12.020

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Abstract

With older adults living longer, health service providers have increasingly turned their attention towards frailty and its significant consequences for health and well-being. Consequently, frailty screening has gained momentum as a possible health policy answer to the question of what can be done to prevent frailty's onset and progression. However, who should be screened for frailty, where and when remains a subject of extensive debate. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the dimensions of this question with reference to Wilson and Jungner's time-tested and widely accepted principles for acceptable screening within community settings. Although the balance of the emerging evidence to support frailty screening is promising, significant gaps in the evidence base remain. Consequently, when assessed against Wilson and Jungner's principles, extensive population screening does not appear to be supported by the evidence. However, screening for the purpose of case-finding may prove useful among older adults.

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Themes were understood as actively constructed through researcher engagement with the data, rather than passively discovered.
“Consistent with Braun and Clarke’s [41,42,43,44,45] approach, we understood themes as actively constructed through researcher engagement with the data, rather than passively “discovered.””
From Home care comparison (2026) · cites this paper as [43]

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The effectiveness of nutrition interventions in improving frailty and its associated constructs related to malnutrition and functional decline among community‐dwelling older adults: A systematic review
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Predictive performance of 7 frailty instruments for short-term disability, falls and hospitalization among Chinese community-dwelling older adults: A prospective cohort study
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Klinische Bedeutung der Erfassung von Frailty
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Rural Family Caregiving: A Closer Look at the Impacts of Health, Care Work, Financial Distress, and Social Loneliness on Anxiety
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Fragilidad en atención primaria: diagnóstico y manejo multidisciplinar
Benito, M. Á. A., & Lesende, I. M. (2022) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102395 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Older Adults’ Perceptions of Frailty Language: A Scoping Review
Durepos, P., Sakamoto, M., Alsbury‐Nealy, K., Hewston, P. A., Borges, J., & Takaoka, A. (2021) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980821000180 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Importance of Taking a Patient-Centered, Community-Based Approach to Preventing and Managing Frailty: A Public Health Perspective
Adja, K. Y. C., Lenzi, J., Sezgin, D., Ó’Caoimh, R., Morini, M., Damiani, G., Buja, A., & Fantini, M. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.599170 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prevalence of Frailty in Brazilian Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
de Melo, R. C., Cipolli, G. C., Buarque, G. L. A., Yassuda, M. S., Cesari, M., Voshaar, R. C. O., & Aprahamian, I. (2020) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1398-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Development and validation of a frailty index based on Australian Aged Care Assessment Program data
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Comparing the Performance of Different Instruments for Diagnosing Frailty and Predicting Adverse Outcomes among Elderly Patients with Gastric Cancer
Ding, L., Miao, X., Jin Wei, L. U., Hu, J., Xu, X., Zhu, H., Xu, Q., & Zhu, S. (2021) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1701-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Explaining the association between frailty and mortality in older adults: The mediating role of lifestyle, social, psychological, cognitive, and physical factors
de Breij, S., Rijnhart, J. J. M., Schuster, N. A., Rietman, M. L., Peters, M. J. L., & Hoogendijk, E. O. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101589 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
Nan, J., Duan, Y., Wu, S., Liao, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, X., & Feng, H. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03173-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prevalence and associations of frailty in residents of Australian aged care facilities: findings from a retrospective cohort study
Ambagtsheer, R. C., Beilby, J., Seiboth, C., & Dent, E. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01379-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Factors influencing communication about frailty in primary care: A scoping review
Lawless, M., Archibald, M. M., Ambagtsheer, R. C., & Kitson, A. A. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.09.014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Frailty Among Older Individuals with and without COPD: A Cohort Study of Prevalence and Association with Adverse Outcomes
Roberts, M. H., Mapel, D. W., Ganvir, N., & Dodd, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s348714 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Identifying Frail Patients by Using Electronic Health Records in Primary Care: Current Status and Future Directions
Luo, J., Liao, X., Zou, C., Zhao, Q., Yao, Y., Fang, X., & Spicer, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.901068 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Diagnostic test accuracy of self‐reported screening instruments in identifying frailty in community‐dwelling older people: A systematic review
Ambagtsheer, R. C., Thompson, M. Q., Archibald, M. M., Casey, M. G., & Schultz, T. (2019) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13810 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Diagnostic Accuracy of the FRAIL Scale, Groningen Frailty Indicator, Tilburg Frailty Indicator, and PRISMA-7 for Frailty Screening Among Older Adults in Community Settings: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Vo, N. T., Tu, Y., Lin, K., Chiu, H., & Huang, H. (2024) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnae008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Comparison of 6 frailty screening tools in diagnostic properties among Chinese community-dwelling older people
Si, H., Jin, Y., Qiao, X., Tian, X., Liu, X., & Wang, C. (2020) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.08.017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Profiles of physical frailty, social frailty, and cognitive impairment among older adults in rural areas of China: a latent profile analysis
Dong, Q., Bu, X., Wang, T., Liu, M., Zhong, F., & Liu, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1424791 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Association of frailty with health service utilisation and health care expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Côte d’Ivoire
Ambagtsheer, R. C., & Moussa, R. K. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02377-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Frailty Confers High Mortality Risk across Different Populations: Evidence from an Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Ofori‐Asenso, R., Chin, K. L., Sahle, B. W., Mazidi, M., Zullo, A. R., & Liew, D. (2020) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics5010017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Independent and combined associations of depression and cognitive impairment with frailty in oldest-old adults
Zhao, X., Duan, X., Shen, S., & Wang, J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02007-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Economic burden of frailty in older adults accessing community‐based aged care services in Australia
Toson, B., Edney, L. C., Afzali, H. H. A., Visvanathan, R., Khadka, J., & Karnon, J. D. (2024) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14955 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Self-Reported Frailty Screening Tools: Comparing Construct Validity of the Frailty Phenotype Questionnaire and FRAIL
Chia, J. Q., Low, K., Chew, J. L., Lim, J. P., Goh, L. L., Wansaicheong, G. K. L., & Lim, W. S. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2022.04.046 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Do European co‐residential caregivers aged 50+ have an increased risk of frailty?
Barbosa, F., Voss, G., & Matos, A. D. (2020) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13064 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Frailty integration in medical specialties: Current evidence and suggested strategies from the Clin‐STAR frailty interest group
Singh, N., Faye, A. S., Abidi, M. Z., Grant, S. J., DuMontier, C., Iyer, A. S., Jain, N., Kochar, B. D., Lieber, S. B., Litke, R. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.19268 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evolving Hybrid Partial Genetic Algorithm Classification Model for Cost-effective Frailty Screening: Investigative Study
Oates, J., Shafiabady, N., Ambagtsheer, R. C., Beilby, J., Seiboth, C., & Dent, E. (2022) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/38464 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Practitioner perceptions of the feasibility of common frailty screening instruments within general practice settings: a mixed methods study
Ambagtsheer, R. C., Casey, M. G., Lawless, M., Archibald, M. M., Yu, S., Kitson, A. A., & Beilby, J. (2022) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01778-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Facilitating the planning and evaluation of narrative intervention reviews: Systematic Transparency Assessment in Intervention Reviews (STAIR)
Gonot-Schoupinsky, F., Garip, G., & Sheffield, D. (2021) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.102043 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Application of frailty screening instruments for older people in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
Dzando, G., Ward, P., Asante, D., & Ambagtsheer, R. C. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102571 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Influence of frailty and its interaction with comorbidity on outcomes among total joint replacement
Lian, Q., Li, K., Yang, Q., Lian, Y., Zhao, M., Shi, Z., Wang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05333-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Clinical practice guidelines for frailty vary in quality but guide primary health care: a systematic review
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Knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals to frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review protocol
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Frailty and sarcopenia—from theory to practice
Luk, J. K.-H., & Chan, D. K. (2022) · Hong Kong Medical Journal · doi:10.12809/hkmj219411 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Care of frail and older adults: A content analysis of paramedic operational clinical practice guidelines
Harris, W., Stirling, C., Williams, A.-M., & Lucas, P. (2021) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2021.101007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Frailty in Patients with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease
Rashid, N., Arora, M., Jurdi, N. E., Onstad, L., Pidala, J. A., Flowers, M. E. D., & Lee, S. J. (2023) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Developing a feasible frailty screening instrument for older people in Sub‐ Saharan Africa : Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis
Dzando, G., Ward, P., Mwanri, L., Maina, L., Aheto, J. M. K., & Ambagtsheer, R. C. (2025) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70068 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Technical Efficiency of Prevention Services for Functional Dependency in Japan’s Public Long-term Care Insurance System: An Ecological Study
Hashimoto, A., Hashimoto, H., & Kawaguchi, H. (2024) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.8226 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Combating Barriers to the Development of a Patient-Oriented Frailty Website
Greeley, B., Chung, S. S., Graves, L., & Song, X. (2024) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/53098 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Incremental healthcare costs of the simple SOF measure of phenotypic frailty in community‐dwelling older adults
Ensrud, K. E., Schousboe, J. T., Kats, A. M., Fink, H. A., Taylor, B. C., Sheets, K. M., Boyd, C. M., & Langsetmo, L. (2024) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.19287 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Potential Factors Influencing Adoption of a Primary Care Pathway to Prevent Functional Decline in Older Adults
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Transforming psychological health services toward equity and global access
Elmi, A. H., Ibrahim, F. H., Ahmed, A. M., & Abdi, A. O. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01549-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Frailty : Update on Diagnosis Evaluation and Management Part 2
Abyad, A., & Hammami, S. O. (2021) · Middle East Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.5742/mejim2021.93795 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Why are frailty indices not used systematically during preoperative spine consultations?
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What do primary care providers want to know when caring for patients living with frailty? An analysis of eConsult communications between primary care providers and specialists
Karunananthan, S., Bonacci, G., Fung, C., Huang, A. R., Robert, B., McCutcheon, T., Houghton, D., Hakimjavadi, R., Keely, E., & Liddy, C. E. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10542-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Frailty Index
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Untitled work
Alberta, G. O., Mitchell, E. A., Services, A. H., Slaughter, E. A., Cruz, E. A., Haunch, E. A., Awosoga, E. A., & Parmar, E. A. (2026) · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Frailty, Comorbidities, and In-Hospital Outcomes in Older Cholangiocarcinoma Patients
Sanchez, M. M., Sabillon, C. A., Paduano, S. J., Egwim, C. I., & Ankoma‐Sey, V. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14093112 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessing the contributions of health deficits to frailty among older people in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Côte d’Ivoire
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Family opinion regarding their presence with the physicians during active cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of their relatives
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Additional file 3 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
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Additional file 2 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
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Additional file 1 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
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Additional file 4 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
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Additional file 4 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
Nan, J., Duan, Y., Wu, S., Liao, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, X., & Feng, H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19993897
Additional file 1 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
Nan, J., Duan, Y., Wu, S., Liao, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, X., & Feng, H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19993888
Additional file 2 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
Nan, J., Duan, Y., Wu, S., Liao, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, X., & Feng, H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19993891
Additional file 3 of Perspectives of older adults, caregivers, healthcare providers on frailty screening in primary care: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis
Nan, J., Duan, Y., Wu, S., Liao, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, X., & Feng, H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19993894
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Authors: Ambagtsheer, R. C., Beilby, J. J., Visvanathan, R., Dent, E., Yu, S., & Braunack-Mayer, A. J.
Affiliations: Torrens University Australia (AU)
National Health and Medical Research Council (AU)
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
Corresponding author: Ambagtsheer, Rachel C.
ORCID: Ambagtsheer, Rachel C.
Beilby, Justin J.
Visvanathan, Renuka
Dent, Elsa
Venue: Preventive Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-02
Volume: 119
Pages: 63-69
ISSN: 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.12.020
OpenAlex: W2906955557
Cited by: 95
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12
FWCI: 1.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT 1102208)
Resthaven Incorporated
GTRAC
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
Keywords: frailty screening, frailty, older adults, primary care, case finding, mass screening, evidence base, frailty prevention
MeSH terms: Frailty, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Health Policy, Humans, Mass Screening, Primary Health Care, Geriatric Assessment, Independent Living

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Should we screen for frailty in primary care settings? A fresh perspective on the frailty evidence base: A narrative review

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