Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the natural course of frailty. We performed a prospective study to determine the transition rates between frailty states and to evaluate the effect of the preceding frailty state on subsequent frailty transitions. METHODS: We studied 754 community-living persons, aged 70 years or older, who were nondisabled in 4 essential activities of daily living. Frailty, assessed every 18 months for 54 months, was defined on the basis of weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, muscle weakness, and slow walking speed. Participants were classified as frail if they met 3 or more of these criteria, as prefrail if they met 1 or 2 of the criteria, and as nonfrail if they met none of the criteria. RESULTS: Of the 754 participants, 434 (57.6%) had at least 1 transition between any 2 of the 3 frailty states during 54 months. The rates were 36.8%, 21.5%, and 9.2% for 1, 2, and 3 transitions, respectively. During the 18-month intervals, transitions to states of greater frailty were more common (rates up to 43.3%) than transitions to states of lesser frailty (rates up to 23.0%), and the probability of transitioning from being frail to nonfrail was very low (rates, 0%-0.9%), even during an extended period. The likelihood of transitioning between frailty states was highly dependent on one's preceding frailty state. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty among older persons is a dynamic process, characterized by frequent transitions between frailty states over time. Our findings suggest ample opportunity for the prevention and remediation of frailty.
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Moderate/severe frailty is associated with increased risk of admission to long-term care (RR 2.60, 95% CI 1.36-4.96).
“and moderate/severe frailty (RR 2.60, 95% CI 1.36-4.96) (95).”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
Mild frailty is associated with increased risk of admission to long-term care (adjusted RR 2.54, 95% CI 1.67-3.86).
“Risk of admission to long-term care is also increased in those with mild frailty (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 2.54, 95% CI 1.67-3.86)”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
The Yale Precipitating Events Project is a cohort study based in New Haven CT that enrolled individuals aged 70 years or older.
“The Yale Precipitating Events Project (PEP) is a cohort study based in New Haven CT that enrolled individuals aged 70 years or older.”
From A standard procedure for creating a frailty index (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
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“9% of older adults actually improved their frailty status and that some of them made frequent and dynamic transitions over time.(45)”
BackgroundInterventions for Frailty Among Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease
Ijaz, N., Buta, B., Xue, Q.-L., Mohess, D. T., Bushan, A., Tran, H., Batchelor, W., deFilippi, C. R., Walston, J. D., Bandeen-Roche, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.029 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
“follow-up period, more than one-half of the participants had transitions between frailty states, and although the majority of those transitions were to states of greater frailty, some patients transitioned to states of less frailty, indicating that frailty is a reversible process.(44) Xue et al(45) conducted a study u…”
MethodToward a conceptual definition of frail community dwelling older people
Gobbens, R. J. J., Luijkx, K. G., Wijnen-Sponselee, M. T., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2010) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2009.09.005 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“The early stages of frailty are more commonly seen in community-dwelling older adults.(7,9) Consequently, screening for frailty should be carried out in the primary care setting.”
BackgroundKojima, G., Taniguchi, Y., Iliffe, S., Jivraj, S., & Walters, K. R. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.010 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
“Nine studies provided data of frailty transitions including death at follow-up.(Alencar et al., 2015; Borrat-Besson et al., 2013; Espinoza et al., 2012; Gill et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2014; Ottenbacher et al., 2009; Pollack et al., 2017; Trevisan et al., 2017; Xue, 2011) Pooled rates of improving, worsening (including…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEng, J. J., & Tang, P. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.10.1417 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Geriatric Conditions and Disability: The Health and Retirement Study
Cigolle, C. T., Langa, K. M., Kabeto, M. U., Tian, Z., & Blaum, C. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00004 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Joosten, E., Demuynck, M., Detroyer, E., & Milisen, K. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-1 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“The frailty status of older patients is a dynamic process, with frequent transitions into short periods of time in which they are more or less frail [42].”
BackgroundInflammation and frailty measures in older people
Hubbard, R. E., O’Mahony, M. S., Savva, G. M., Calver, B. L., & Woodhouse, K. W. (2009) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00733.x · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“The variables were not operationalized exactly as proposed by Fried and colleagues [8], although similar modifications have been made by others who have replicated the work [33].”
BackgroundSarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise
Nascimento, C. M., Ingles, M., Salvador-Pascual, A., Cominetti, M. R., Gomez-Cabrera, M. C., & Viña, J. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
de Vries, N. M., van Ravensberg, C. D., Hobbelen, J. S. M., Olde Rikkert, M. G. M., Staal, J. B., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. G. (2012) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.11.002 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Gobbens, R. J. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Luijkx, K. G., Wijnen-Sponselee, M. T., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2009.11.008 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Peterson, M. J., Giuliani, C. A., Morey, M. C., Pieper, C. F., Evenson, K. R., Mercer, V. S., Cohen, H. J., Visser, M., Brach, J. S., Kritchevsky, S. B., et al. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gln001 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Functional Trajectories Among Older Persons Before and After Critical Illness
Ferrante, L. E., Pisani, M. A., Murphy, T. E., Gahbauer, E. A., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Gill, T. M. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7889 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Self-citationInstruments for the detection of frailty syndrome in older adults: A systematic review
Faller, J. W., Pereira, D. D. N., de Souza, S., Nampo, F. K., Orlandi, F. D. S., & Matumoto, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216166 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Transitions in Frailty States Among Community-Living Older Adults and Their Associated Factors
Lee, J. S. W., Auyeung, T., Leung, J. C. S., Kwok, T. C. Y., & Woo, J. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.12.002 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Dedeyne, L., Deschodt, M., Verschueren, S., Tournoy, J., & Gielen, E. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s130794 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Kojima, G. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206978 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Gill, T. M., Murphy, T. E., Gahbauer, E. A., & Allore, H. G. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws554 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes in older people: new insights and remaining challenges
Sinclair, A. J., Dunning, T. L., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70176-7 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Jadczak, A. D., Makwana, N. R., Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D., Visvanathan, R., & Schultz, T. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003551 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Unauthorize Exercise interventions may also potentially prevent, delay or reverse frailty.(9,10) A preliminary search revealed that several systematic reviews have been conducted to examine the effects of exercise interventions, both alone(10-14) and in combination with nutritional supplements,(15,16) on important fun…”
BackgroundTalegawkar, S. A., Bandinelli, S., Bandeen-Roche, K., Chen, P., Milaneschi, Y., Tanaka, T., Semba, R. D., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2012) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.165498 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Evaluating the Older Patient with Cancer: Understanding Frailty and the Geriatric Assessment
Pal, S. K., Katheria, V., & Hurria, A. (2010) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.20059 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Trevisan, C., Veronese, N., Maggi, S., Baggio, G., Toffanello, E. D., Zambon, S., Sartori, L., Musacchio, E., Perissinotto, E., Crepaldi, G., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14515 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“Of participants who improved, a one-step transition was more common, from prefrail to nonfrail or from frail to prefrail.(5,6,8) Women have generally been found to be at higher risk of frailty,(1,16) as in the current study, but they also seem to have a better chance of frailty improvement and lower mortality.”
BackgroundResultThe Relationship Between COPD and Frailty
Marengoni, A., Vetrano, D. L., Manes-Gravina, E., Bernabei, R., Onder, G., & Palmer, K. (2018) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.014 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Screening tools for frailty in primary health care: A systematic review
Pialoux, T., Goyard, J., & Lesourd, B. (2012) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00797.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
How should we grade frailty in nursing home patients?
Rockwood, K., Abeysundera, M. J., & Mitnitski, A. (2007) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2007.07.012 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Frailty: an emerging concept for general practice
Lepeleire, J. D., Iliffe, S., Mann, E., & Degryse, J. (2009) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp09x420653 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“These states are related to each other, and to death, in complex ways, as shown in Figure 1.(37) One important aspect of this model is that both frailty and its precursor state are potentially reversible.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Practical Approach to Geriatric Assessment in Oncology
Rodin, M. B., & Mohile, S. G. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.10.2954 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
An overview of osteoporosis and frailty in the elderly
Li, G., Thabane, L., Παπαϊωάννου, Α., Ioannidis, G., Levine, M., & Adachi, J. D. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1403-x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Previous findings have suggested that slow walking appears to be the most important risk factor for adverse outcomes among the five indicators included in the phenotype model [41, 42].”
BackgroundFrailty and Chronic Diseases in Older Adults
Weiss, C. O. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.003 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“1% died.(9) Thus, the time spent frail is also less than time spent disabled,(13) because of higher risk of mortality.”
BackgroundAge, Comorbidities, and AIDS Predict a Frailty Phenotype in Men Who Have Sex With Men
Althoff, K. N., Jacobson, L. P., Cranston, R., Detels, R., Phair, J., Li, X., & Margolick, J. B. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt148 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“5 year study of HIV− elderly people, the 18-month reversion rate ranged from 13%–24% in three 18-month periods (48).”
BackgroundAllostatic Load and Frailty in Older Adults
Gruenewald, T. L., Seeman, T. E., Karlamangla, A. S., & Sarkisian, C. A. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02389.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“The follow-up time between assessment of AL at baseline and frailty development 3 years later is another potential limitation; substantial changes in physiological status that affected frailty level, as well as transitions in frailty status occurring during the intervening period, may have been missed.(35) Finally, it…”
The prevalence of subjective frailty and factors associated with frailty in Taiwan
Chen, C., Wu, S., Chen, L.-J., & Lue, B. (2010) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(10)70012-1 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“…prevalent with increasing age and to confer a high risk for adverse health outcomes, including mortality, institutionalization, falls, and hospitalization (Speechley and Tinetti, 1991; Winograd, 1991; Rockwood et al., 1999; Espinoza and Walston, 2005; Bandeen-Roche et al., 2006; Gill et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFrailty Transitions in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging
Espinoza, S. E., Jung, I., & Hazuda, H. P. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03882.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported that transitions between frailty states (nonfrail, prefrail, frail) are fairly common, with individuals worsening or improving over time.(4,5) One study of frailty transitions over 4.”
BackgroundRelationship Between Frailty and Cognitive Decline in Older Mexican Americans
Samper‐Ternent, R., Snih, S. A., Raji, M. A., Markides, K. S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01947.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“Research is required to identify factors associated with transitions into and out of the states of frailty and how these transitions are related to cognitive function.(2) The current investigation included a number of limitations.”
BackgroundOttenbacher, K. J., Graham, J. E., Snih, S. A., Raji, M. A., Samper‐Ternent, R., Ostir, G. V., & Markides, K. S. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.143958 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“We hypothesized that frailty represents a dynamic process and that persons can become both more and less frail over time.(10) We also hypothesized, based on previous findings,(6) that age, number of comorbidities, ability to perform activities of daily living, and measures of lower-extremity physical performance would…”
Risk of Frailty in Elderly With COPD: A Population-Based Study
Lahousse, L., Ziere, G. J., Verlinden, V. J. A., Zillikens, M. C., Uitterlinden, A. G., Rivadeneira, F., Tiemeier, H. W., Joos, G., Albert Hofman, D., Ikram, M. A., et al. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv154 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Serra, M., Sist, X., Domenich, R., Jurado, L., Saiz, A., Roces, A., Palomera, E., Tarradelles, M., & Papiol, M. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw242 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“However, a categorisation has been proposed to define a pre-frail state between established frailty and robustness, which follows a gradient of risk [10].”
Pamoukdjian, F., Paillaud, É., Zelek, L. H., Laurent, M., Lévy, V., Landre, T., & Sebbane, G. (2015) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2015.08.006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“The advantage of this concept is its potential reversibility, thus confirming the interest of a targeted geriatric intervention [3].”
BackgroundFrailty and respiratory impairment in older persons
Vaz Fragoso, C. A., Enright, P. L., McAvay, G., Van Ness, P. H., & Gill, T. M. (2012) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.024 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationMarcos-Pérez, D., Sánchez-Flores, M., Proietti, S., Bonassi, S., Costa, S., Teixeira, J. P., Fernandez-Tajes, J. J., Pásaro, E., Laffón, B., & Valdiglesias, V. (2020) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00247-4 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Frailty is bidirectional and may be prevented, postponed, or even reverted with specific interventions and personalized health strategies [9].”
BackgroundLally, F., & Crome, P. (2007) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.048587 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The Frailty Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Heuberger, R. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2011.623931 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Doody, P., Lord, J. M., Greig, C. A., & Phillips, A. C. (2022) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000528561 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“(Insert Figure 3) While frailty is a dynamic condition, with the possibility of bi-directional transition between frailty states [29, 38, 39], this transition is more commonly progressive [40].”
BackgroundWong, C. H., Weiss, D. R., Sourial, N., Karunananthan, S., Quail, J. M., Wolfson, C. M., & Bergman, H. (2010) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324816 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Cohen, C. I., Benyaminov, R., Rahman, M., Ngu, D., & Reinhardt, M. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.006 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Changes in Frailty After Kidney Transplantation
McAdams‐DeMarco, M., Isaacs, K., Darko, L., Salter, M. L., Gupta, N., King, E. A., Walston, J. D., & Segev, D. L. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13657 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Community-dwelling older adults often transition between nonfrail, intermediately frail, and frail states,(8,23,24) but these transitions are most often to states of greater frailty, with more than 40% becoming more frail and fewer than 1% transitioning from frail to nonfrail.(8) In older adults, hospitalizations grea…”
BackgroundCurrent and emerging biomarkers of frailty in the elderly
Saedi, A. A., Feehan, J., Phu, S., & Duque, G. (2019) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s168687 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“7 This index is a count of 70 clinical deficits and includes the presence and severity of current diseases, ability in the activities of daily living, and physical and neurological signs on clinical examination.”
Sarcopenia and frailty in older patients with diabetes mellitus
Umegaki, H. (2016) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12688 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Frailty and 10-Year Mortality in Community-Living Mexican American Older Adults
Graham, J. E., Snih, S. A., Berges, I. M., Ray, L. A., Markides, K. S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000235653 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Treating frailty-a practical guide
Fairhall, N., Langron, C., Sherrington, C., Lord, S. R., Kurrle, S. E., Lockwood, K. A., Monaghan, N., Aggar, C., Gill, L., & Cameron, I. D. (2011) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-83 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“However, clinical improvement from the frail state is possible [11,12] and there is an urgent need for effective interventions to mitigate frailty.”
BackgroundInflammation, Coagulation, and the Pathway to Frailty
Kanapuru, B., & Ershler, W. B. (2009) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.030 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Modified Frailty Index Predicts Morbidity and Mortality After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Mogal, H., Vermilion, S. A., Dodson, R. M., Hsu, F., Howerton, R. M., Shen, P., & Clark, C. J. (2017) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5715-0 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Second, frailty, instead of being an irreversible state, occurs as a continuum within a spectrum, with the possibility of transitions between higher and lower states of frailty.(56) Therefore, identification of frail patients and implementation of prehabilitation strategies to treat modifiable factors that determine f…”
Risk Factors and Precipitants of Long-Term Disability in Community Mobility
Gill, T. M., Gahbauer, E. A., Murphy, T. E., Han, L., & Allore, H. G. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-2-201201170-00009 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“5-kg weight loss in the past year (28).”
Self-citationPaterson, D. H., Jones, G. R., & Rice, C. L. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-111 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Oral health conditions and frailty in Mexican community-dwelling elderly: a cross sectional analysis
Castrejón‐Pérez, R. C., Borges-Yáñez, S. A., Gutiérrez‐Robledo, L. M., & Ávila‐Funes, J. A. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-773 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“The covariates measured in this analysis were consistent with those measured in previous reports; we observed a higher risk of frailty among those who had been hospitalized during the previous year, those who consumed higher number of drugs on a daily basis, those who reported incontinence, and those who had a history…”
MethodThe Association of Frailty With Post-ICU Disability, Nursing Home Admission, and Mortality
Ferrante, L. E., Pisani, M. A., Murphy, T. E., Gahbauer, E. A., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Gill, T. M. (2018) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.03.007 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationA pilot randomized controlled trial to improve geriatric frailty
Chan, D., Tsou, H., Yang, R., Tsauo, J., Chen, C., Hsiung, C. A., & Kuo, K. N. (2012) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-58 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“During the intervention period, our degrees of improvement in frailty status were significantly higher than the natural improvement rates reported from observational studies [34].”
BackgroundResultGale, C., Cooper, C., Deary, I., & Sayer, A. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001384 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Frost, R., Belk, C., Jovicić, A., Ricciardi, F., Kharicha, K., Gardner, B., Iliffe, S., Goodman, C. M., Manthorpe, J., Drennan, V. M., et al. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0547-8 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“appear to be more effective in younger populations and those at lower risk of mortality [9], and there is an increased likelihood of reversing pre-frailty as opposed to frailty [8].”
BackgroundNagurney, J. M., Fleischman, W. M., Han, L., Leo-Summers, L. S., Allore, H. G., & Gill, T. M. (2017) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.09.018 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Physical frailty was defined on the basis of slow gait speed, as previously described.(23) Complete details about the assessment of disability are provided elsewhere.”
Self-citationFrailty, osteoporosis and hip fracture: Causes, consequences and therapeutic perspectives
Rolland, Y., van Kan, G. A., Benetos, A., Blain, H., Bonnefoy, M., Chassagne, P., Jeandel, C., Laroche, M., Nourhashémi, F., Orcel, P., et al. (2008) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/bf02982665 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Criteria of frailty proposed by Fried et al., 2001 (5) The growing interest in the concept of frailty is related to its reversible nature (Figure 4, (12)).”
Etman, A., Burdorf, A., van der Cammen, T. J. M., Mackenbach, J. P., & van Lenthe, F. J. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200027 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Change in Frailty and Risk of Death in Older Persons
Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2009) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730802545051 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Recent work has underscored that frailty and disability can fluctuate over time, underscoring the need for analytic models that can account for nonlinear changes in frailty over time (Gill et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPrince, M. J., Acosta, D. M., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K. S., Jiménez‐Velázquez, I. Z., Thiyagarajan, J. A., Rodríguez, J. J. L., Salas, A., Sosa, A. L., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003097 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The relationship between intervening hospitalizations and transitions between frailty states
Gill, T. M., Gahbauer, E. A., Han, L., & Allore, H. G. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr142 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Indeed, increasing evidence indicates that transitions from states of greater frailty to lesser frailty are not uncommon (5,6), meaning that many older persons have the capacity to recover from frailty and prefrailty, respectively.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Gill, T. M., Gahbauer, E. A., Allore, H. G., & Han, L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-02-27
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 418
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022181538
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 10.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Patrick and Catherine Weldon Donaghue Medical Research Foundation
- Yale University (P30AG21342)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG022993, R37AG017560, K24AG021507, R37AG17560, P30 AG21342, P30AG021342)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- frailty, pre-frailty, frailty transitions, community-dwelling older adults, frailty prevention, activities of daily living, weight loss, muscle weakness, physical activity, walking speed, exhaustion
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Geriatrics, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Frail Elderly
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