Cited by 219Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingBiochemical effects in animals

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Creatine Supplementation Enhances Muscular Performance During High-Intensity Resistance Exercise

VOLEK, JEFF S., KRAEMER, WILLIAM J., BUSH, JILL A., BOETES, MARK, INCLEDON, THOMAS, CLARK, KRISTINE L., LYNCH, JAMES M.·1997·Journal of the American Dietetic Association

DOI 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00189-2

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Abstract

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate on muscular performance during repeated sets of high-intensity resistance exercise. Subjects/design Fourteen active men were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to either a creatine group (n = 7) or a placebo group (n = 7). Both groups performed a bench press exercise protocol (5 sets to failure using each subject's predetermined 10-repetition maximum) and a jump squat exercise protocol (5 sets of 10 repetitions using 30% of each subject's 1-repetition maximum squat) on three different occasions (T1, T2, and T3) separated by 6 days. Intervention Before T1, both groups received no supplementation. From T1 to T2, both groups ingested placebo capsules. From T2 to T3, the creatine group ingested 25 g creatine monohydrate per day, and the placebo group ingested an equivalent amount of placebo. Main outcome measures Total repetitions for each set of bench presses and peak power output for each set of jump squats were determined. Other measures included assessment of diet, body mass, skinfold thickness, and preexercise and 5-minute postexercise lactate concentrations. Results Lifting performance was not altered for either exercise protocol after ingestion of the placebos. Creatine supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in peak power output during all 5 sets of jump squats and a significant improvement in repetitions during all 5 sets of bench presses. After creatine supplementation, postexercise lactate concentrations were significantly higher after the bench press but not the jump squat. A significant increase in body mass of 1.4 kg (range = 0.0 to 2.7 kg) was observed after creatine ingestion. Conclusion One week of creatine supplementation (25 g/day) enhances muscular performance during repeated sets of bench press and jump squat exercise.

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“It has been well documented that creatine supplementation can potentiate the gains in fat-free mass and muscle force and power output that accompany resistance training (Hespel et al., 2001; Volek et al., 1997).”
Background
Nutrition and Dietary Supplements
Fillmore, C.-M., Bartoli, L., Bach, R. G., & Park, Y. I. (1999) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30188-8 · Cited by 36
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“Creatine monohydrate (CrM) has been studied extensively over the past 20 years as a nutritional supplement and ergogenic aid for athletes [107,109-112].”
Background
Effects of 8 weeks of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and fat-free weight in football players during training
Stout, J., Eckerson, J., Noonan, D., Moore, G., & Cullen, D. (1999) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00185-7 · Cited by 54
Creatine supplementation differentially affects maximal isometric strength and time to fatigue in large and small muscle groups.
Urbanski, R., Loy, S. F., Vincent, W. J., & Yaspelkis, B. (1999) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.9.2.136 · Cited by 54
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Creatine, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, amino acids, and medium-chain triglycerides and endurance and performance.
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“Previous research has reported an increase in the total number of bench-press repetitions performed at a similar load (~70% 1-RM) after short-duration Cr supplementation (Earnest et al., 1995; Volek et al., 1997).”
Background
Creatine monohydrate increases bone mineral density in young Sprague-Dawley rats.
Antolic, A., Roy, B., Tarnopolsky, M., Zernicke, R., Wohl, G., Shaughnessy, S., & Bourgeois, J. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318031fac4 · Cited by 53
Risk assessment for creatine monohydrate
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Aerobic training, but not creatine supplementation, alters the gluteus medius muscle1,2
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“In humans, investigators have reported that creatine supplementation increases fat-free mass (Vandenberghe et al., 1997; Volek et al., 1997; Kreider et al., 1998).”
Background
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No Effect of Heavy Resistance Training and Creatine Supplementation on Blood Lipids
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Self-citation
The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: A randomized controlled trial
Graef, J. L., Smith, A. E., Kendall, K. L., Fukuda, D. H., Moon, J. R., Beck, T. W., Cramer, J. T., & Stout, J. R. (2009) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-18 · Cited by 51
“Phosphocreatine (PCr), a high-energy storage molecule within skeletal muscle, provides immediate replenishment of ATP during intense exercise [13].”
BackgroundInfluential
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KILDUFF, L. P., VIDAKOVIC, P., COONEY, G., TWYCROSS-LEWIS, R., AMUNA, P., PARKER, M., PAUL, L., & PITSILADIS, Y. P. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200207000-00019 · Cited by 49
“With the above concerns in mind, the balance of available evidence from Cr supplementation studies would suggest that oral Cr loading can increase muscle Cr content (1,13,16), increase fat-free mass (2,18), improve anaerobic sprint performance (5,10) and promote greater gains in strength (18,21,30).”
Background
IS THERE A RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF CREATINE EITHER AS NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION OR DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN HUMANS PARTICIPATING IN A SPORT?
Benzi, G. (2000) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0618 · Cited by 47
Dietary creatine supplementation and muscular adaptation to resistive overload
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Creatine Fails to Augment the Benefits from Resistance Training in Patients with HIV Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
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“In studies of healthy volunteers, short-term creatine supplementation (5–30 days) increased muscle size [30] and indices of short-term high intensity exercise performance, including muscle strength and power output [31,32] as well as intramuscular PCr levels assessed by both (31)P-MRS [33] and biopsy [34].”
Background
Creatine monohydrate as a therapeutic aid in muscular dystrophy.
Pearlman, J., & Fielding, R. (2006) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00191.x · Cited by 45
Role of Creatine Supplementation in Conditions Involving Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Narrative Review
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DAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200211000-00001 · Cited by 41
Creatine monohydrate treatment alleviates muscle cramps associated with haemodialysis
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“Creatine monohydrate has been used to increase muscle strength and work performance in elite athletes [6].”
Background
Effects of Creatine Monohydrate and Polyethylene Glycosylated Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power Output
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“However, our findings did not support previous studies that have observed creatine-induced improvements in muscular power (15,18,22,24) and repetitions to exhaustion (17,31).”
Result
Oral Creatine Supplementation
Juhn, M. S. (1999) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.1999.05.839 · Cited by 35
Effects of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation on myasthenia gravis: a case study
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Background
Creatine Supplementation: An Update
Hall, M., Manetta, E., & Tupper, K. (2021) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000863 · Cited by 68
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Background
Creatine supplementation improves the anaerobic performance of elite junior fin swimmers
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Background
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Creatine Loading does not Impact on Stroke Performance in Tennis
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Authors: VOLEK, J. S., KRAEMER, W. J., BUSH, J. A., BOETES, M., INCLEDON, T., CLARK, K. L., & LYNCH, J. M.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: VOLEK, JEFF S.
KRAEMER, WILLIAM J.
BUSH, JILL A.
CLARK, KRISTINE L.
LYNCH, JAMES M.
Venue: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-07
Volume: 97
Issue: 7
Pages: 765-770
ISSN: 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00189-2
OpenAlex: W1995489858
Cited by: 219
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 4.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biochemical effects in animals
Keywords: creatine monohydrate, creatine supplementation, muscle performance, high-intensity resistance training, bench press, jump squat, peak power, weight gain
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Composition, Creatine, Diet, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Placebos, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Lactic Acid

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Creatine Supplementation Enhances Muscular Performance During High-Intensity Resistance Exercise

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