Cited by 219Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingBiochemical effects in animals

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Creatine Supplementation Enhances Muscular Performance During High-Intensity Resistance Exercise

VOLEK, JEFF S., KRAEMER, WILLIAM J., BUSH, JILL A., BOETES, MARK, INCLEDON, THOMAS, CLARK, KRISTINE L., LYNCH, JAMES M.·1997·Journal of the American Dietetic Association

DOI 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00189-2

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Abstract

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate on muscular performance during repeated sets of high-intensity resistance exercise. Subjects/design Fourteen active men were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to either a creatine group (n = 7) or a placebo group (n = 7). Both groups performed a bench press exercise protocol (5 sets to failure using each subject's predetermined 10-repetition maximum) and a jump squat exercise protocol (5 sets of 10 repetitions using 30% of each subject's 1-repetition maximum squat) on three different occasions (T1, T2, and T3) separated by 6 days. Intervention Before T1, both groups received no supplementation. From T1 to T2, both groups ingested placebo capsules. From T2 to T3, the creatine group ingested 25 g creatine monohydrate per day, and the placebo group ingested an equivalent amount of placebo. Main outcome measures Total repetitions for each set of bench presses and peak power output for each set of jump squats were determined. Other measures included assessment of diet, body mass, skinfold thickness, and preexercise and 5-minute postexercise lactate concentrations. Results Lifting performance was not altered for either exercise protocol after ingestion of the placebos. Creatine supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in peak power output during all 5 sets of jump squats and a significant improvement in repetitions during all 5 sets of bench presses. After creatine supplementation, postexercise lactate concentrations were significantly higher after the bench press but not the jump squat. A significant increase in body mass of 1.4 kg (range = 0.0 to 2.7 kg) was observed after creatine ingestion. Conclusion One week of creatine supplementation (25 g/day) enhances muscular performance during repeated sets of bench press and jump squat exercise.

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Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation
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Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise
Balsom, P. D., Ekblom, B., Söerlund, K., Sjödln, B., & Hultman, E. (1993) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00378.x · Cited by 282
Supplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina
Sipilä, I., Rapola, J., Simell, O., & Vannas, A. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198104093041503 · Cited by 181

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The Effects of Creatine Loading on Thermoregulation and Intermittent Sprint Exercise Performance in a Hot Humid Environment
Wright, G. A., Grandjean, P. W., & Pascoe, D. D. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-22186.1 · Cited by 29
“7 kg (2, 3, 9, 17, 29, 30) following 5–7 days of Cr ingestion.”
Isotopes in nutrition research
Young, V. R., & Ajami, A. M. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19990004 · Cited by 30
Sports supplements
Rubinstein, M., & Federman, D. (2000) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2000.09.15.1241 · Cited by 25
Contractile Properties, Fatigue and Recovery are not Influenced by Short‐Term Creatine Supplementation in Human Muscle
Jakobi, J., Rice, C. L., Curtin, S., & Marsh, G. D. (2000) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-445x.2000.02021.x · Cited by 25
“Previous short-term Cr supplementation studies have utilized hydrostatic weighing techniques (Earnest et al. 1995), or skinfold thickness (Volek et al. 1997) in order to determine if the increase in body weight following Cr supplementation is due to a change in body composition.”
Background
Effects of dietary sports supplements on metabolite accumulation, vasodilation and cellular swelling in relation to muscle hypertrophy: A focus on “secondary” physiological determinants
Cholewa, J. M., Trexler, E. T., Lima‐Soares, F., Pessôa, K. D. A., Sousa-Silva, R., dos Santos, A. M., Zhi, X., Nicastro, H., Cabido, C. E. T., de Freitas, M. C., et al. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.011 · Cited by 26
Effects of Traditional vs. Alternating Whole-Body Strength Training on Squat Performance
Ciccone, A. B., Brown, L., Coburn, J., & Galpin, A. (2014) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000586 · Cited by 24
“Previous research supports this idea as creatine supplementation has been observed to augment isotonic resistance exercise power and number of completed repetitions (27).”
Background
Effects of 6 Weeks of Aerobic Exercise Combined With Conjugated Linoleic Acid on the Physical Working Capacity at Fatigue Threshold
Jenkins, N., Buckner, S., Baker, R. B., Bergstrom, H., Cochrane, K., Weir, J., Housh, T., & Cramer, J. (2014) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000513 · Cited by 24
“The mechanisms of action for the supplement-induced increases in the PWCFT were increased muscle phosphocreatine stores (43,57), improved H+ buffering capacity from intramuscular carnosine (53), and increased coronary and peripheral blood flow (30,44), respectively.”
Background
Legal pre-event nutritional supplements to assist energy metabolism
Spriet, L. L., Perry, C. G. R., & Talanian, J. L. (2008) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0440027 · Cited by 21
“[14] reported that 12 weeks of creatine supplementation coupled with resistance exercise resulted in greater type I and II muscle fi bre cross-sectional area compared with those training on a placebo.”
Dietary Creatine Supplementation in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Increases Dorsal Muscle Area and the Expression of myod1 and capn1 Genes
Ramos-Pinto, L., Lopes, G., Sousa, V., Castro, L. F. C., Schrama, D., Rodrigues, P., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00161 · Cited by 23
“A relatively large number of scientific studies have associated with the increased lean body mass to Cr supplementation combined with strength training (15, 16, 37); however, it is still not very clear whether the Cr supplementation per se is enough to promote such effects (38).”
Background
Can the use of creatine supplementation attenuate muscle loss in cachexia and wasting?
Sakkas, G. K., Schambelan, M., & Mulligan, K. M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328331de63 · Cited by 21
Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
Nunes, J. P., Ribeiro, A., Schoenfeld, B., Tomeleri, C., Avelar, A., Trindade, M. C. C., Nabuco, H., Cavalcante, E., Sugihara, P., Fernandes, R. R., et al. (2017) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106017737013 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, Cr supplementation may promote increases in training volume (Branch, 2003; Kreider et al., 2010; Naderi et al., 2016; Rossouw et al., 2000; Volek et al., 1997), an outcome that may ultimately enhance neuromuscular adaptations.”
Background
Efeitos da suplementação de creatina sobre força e hipertrofia muscular: atualizações
Gualano, B., Acquesta, F. M., Ugrinowitsch, C., Tricoli, V., Serrão, J. C., & Lancha, A. H. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922010000300013 · Cited by 38
Skeletal muscle phosphocreatine depletion depresses myocellular energy status during sepsis.
Lara, T. M., Wong, M. S., Rounds, J. D., Robinson, M. K., Wilmore, D., & Jacobs, D. (1998) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.12.1316 · Cited by 22
Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women
Smith, A. E., Walter, A. A., Herda, T. J., Ryan, E. D., Moon, J. R., Cramer, J. T., & Stout, J. R. (2007) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-20 · Cited by 30
“Discussion Several studies have reported 4 to7 days of Cr loading is effective for enhancing anaerobic performance during repeated sprint cycling [24-27], resistance training [28,29], and anaerobic treadmill running [30].”
Background
Use of Oral Creatine as an Ergogenic Aid for Increased Sports Performance: Perceptions of Adolescent Athletes
RAY, T. R., ECK, J. C., COVINGTON, L. A., MURPHY, R. B., WILLIAMS, R., & KNUDTSON, J. (2001) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-200106000-00014 · Cited by 20
“Benefits Increased strength 4 22 28 24 78 (71) Increased muscle mass 4 22 25 22 73 (66) Increased athletic performance 2 14 16 15 47 (43) Increased weight gain 4 9 10 17 40 (36) Increased endurance 4 11 9 6 30 (27) Other 1 2 4 3 9 (8) No difference 0 1 1 0 3 (3) Adverse Effects Muscle cramps 1 4 8 6 19 (17) Increased…”
Creatine Supplementation and Athletic Performance
Racette, S. B. (2003) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.615 · Cited by 20
The Effect and Safety of Short-Term Creatine Supplementation on Performance of Push-Ups
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Is There a Physiologic Basis for Creatine Use in Children and Adolescents?
UNNITHAN, V. B., VEEHOF, S. H. E., VELLA, C. A., & KERN, M. (2001) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200111000-00021 · Cited by 18
Creatine does not promote hypertrophy in skeletal muscle in supplemented compared with nonsupplemented rats subjected to a similar workload.
Aguiar, A., de Souza, R. A., Aguiar, D. H., Aguiar, R. C. M., Vechetti, I. J., & Dal-Pai-Silva, M. (2011) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.006 · Cited by 18
“Consistent with previous studies [6,7], these results indicate that Cr supplementation may be a suitable strategy for promoting an additional hypertrophic response during resistance training.”
BackgroundResult
Effects of Coffee and Caffeine Anhydrous Intake During Creatine Loading
Trexler, E. T., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Roelofs, E. J., Hirsch, K. R., Persky, A. M., & Mock, M. G. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001223 · Cited by 20
“Although CRE loading has been shown to increase indices of maximal strength (21,40) and RTF (21,41), Zuniga et al.”
Suplementação de carboidrato não reverte o efeito deletério do exercício de endurance sobre o subseqüente desempenho de força
Aoki, M. S., Pontes, F. L., Navarro, F., Uchida, M. C., & Bacurau, R. F. P. (2003) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922003000500004 · Cited by 28
“Esses resultados estão de acordo com os demonstrados por outros pesquisadores(17,24).”
Background
The Physiological Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Hydration: A Review
Sobolewski, E. J., Thompson, B. J., Smith, A. E., & Ryan, E. D. (2011) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827611406071 · Cited by 16
Creatine Monohydrate Use Among Elite Australian Power Lifters
Stanton, R., & Abt, G. (2000) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/1533-4287(2000)014 · Cited by 15
Suplementação de creatina e treinamento de força: alterações na resultante de força máxima dinâmica e variáveis antropométricas em universitários submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento de força (hipertrofia)
Júnior, T. P. D. S., Dubas, J. P., Pereira, B., & de Oliveira, P. R. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922007000500005 · Cited by 12
A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of 8-Week Whey Protein versus Whey Protein Plus Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Performance Variables in Resistance-Trained Women
Wilborn, C., Outlaw, J. J., Mumford, P., Urbina, S. L., Hayward, S., Roberts, M., Taylor, L., & Foster, C. A. (2016) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000452845 · Cited by 14
Impact of Four Weeks of a Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplement on Muscular Strength, Body Composition, and Anabolic Hormones in Resistance-Trained Young Men
Kreipke, V. C., Allman, B. R., Kinsey, A. W., Moffatt, R. J., Hickner, R. C., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000995 · Cited by 12
“Lastly, caffeine and creatine are known to increase power output and volume of training in athletes and strength-trained populations (7,17,45,49).”
Background
Influence of creatine monohydrate ingestion on muscle metabolites and intense exercise capacity in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Lambert, C., Archer, R., Carrithers, J., Fink, W., Evans, W., & Trappe, T. (2003) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00262-4 · Cited by 14
“Subjects had the following tests performed: (1) a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), (2) a venous blood draw for routine clinical chemistries, (3) a health history and physical examination, and (4) a determination of their EDSS score.”
Method
Short term creatine loading improves strength endurance even without changing maximal strength, RPE, fatigue index, blood lactate, and mode state.
Furtado, E. T. F., Oliveira, J. D. D., Pereira, I. S. B., Veiga, E. P., da Silva, S. D., & de Abreu, W. C. (2024) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202420230559 · Cited by 14
“This result disagrees with that of Volek et al. (1997), who observed a significant difference in blood lactate levels after creatine supplementation (pre = 9.8 ± 2.0 and post 11.3 ±1.8 mmol.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Suplementação de creatina e treinamento de força: Efeito do tempo de recuperação entre as séries
Aoki, M. (2008) · doi:10.18511/rbcm.v12i4.584 · Cited by 13
The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Upper- and Lower-Body Strength and Power: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kazeminasab, F., Kerchi, A. B., Sharafifard, F., Zarreh, M., Forbes, S. C., CAMERA, D. M., Lanhers, C., Wong, A., Nordvall, M., Bagheri, R., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172748 · Cited by 20
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Koenig, C., Benardot, D., Cody, M., & Thompson, W. (2008) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816a58c6 · Cited by 12
“It is well established that CrMH supplementation helps to sustain performance in activities involving repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise (including repeated jump height tests) that are separated by brief periods of rest (16,20,29).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Creatine Supplementation: Forms, Function, and Effects
Grande, B. M., & Graves, B. S. (2005) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/1533-4295(2005)027 · Cited by 12
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Ferrauti, A., & Remmert, H. (2003) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390300073309 · Cited by 17
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Andres, L. P., Sacheck, J. M., & Tapia, S. (1999) · Nutrition in Clinical Care · doi:10.1046/j.1523-5408.1999.00087.x · Cited by 11
Creating Supplements Face Scrutiny
Schnirring, L. (1998) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1998.11440397 · Cited by 8
Effects of creatine monohydrate timing on resistance training adaptations and body composition after 8 weeks in male and female collegiate athletes
Dinan, N. E., Hagele, A. M., Jagim, A. R., Miller, M. G., & Kerksick, C. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.1033842 · Cited by 16
“In this respect, previous research has established the efficacy of combining creatine supplementation with resistance training (3, 7, 8, 30, 31) for its ability to augment adaptations over time, while several investigations and reviews have highlighted the potential impact of nutrient timing (9–11, 32–34).”
Background
Creatine supplementation in the pediatric and adolescent athlete-- A literature review
Metzger, G. A., Minneci, P. M., Gehred, A., Day, A., & Klingele, K. E. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2023.03.010 · Cited by 10
Impact of Short-Term Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Performance among Breast Cancer Survivors
Parsowith, E. J., Stock, M. S., Kocuba, O. R., Schumpp, A., Jackson, K. E., Brooks, A. M., Larson, A., Dixon, M. D., & Fairman, C. M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070979 · Cited by 15
Intranasal Creatine Administration Increases Brain Creatine Level and Improves Barnes Maze Performance in Rats.
Chen, K., & Hu, X. (2023) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110703 · Cited by 10
Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation: Considerations for Cognitive Performance in Athletes
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“Creatine monohydrate benefits at both the muscle and brain (1,6,9,16,22,35,51,68,70).”
BackgroundMethod
Novel approaches to treat muscular dystrophies
Walter, M., & Lochmüller, H. (2001) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.10.4.695 · Cited by 10
“Ingestion of Cr augments physiological Cr levels, increases muscular stores of phosphocreatine and as a result increases the rate of ATP resynthesis [71,72], which enhances anaerobic endurance capabilities and improves muscle performance [73].”
Background
Effects of Creatine and β-Alanine Co-Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Body Composition: A Systematic Review
Ashtary-Larky, D., Candow, D., Forbes, S. C., Hajizadeh, L., Antonio, J., & Suzuki, K. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17132074 · Cited by 9
“It is well established that creatine supplementation enhances strength and power [18,19], and all RCTs reviewed in this study confirmed that groups receiving creatine (either alone or in combination) exhibited substantial improvements in strength and anaerobic power relative to the placebo [12,14].”
The effect of short-term creatine intake on blood lactic acid and muscle fatigue measured by accelerometer-based tremor response to acute resistance exercise
Lee, S., Hong, G., Park, W., Lee, J., Kim, N.-H., Park, H., & Park, J. (2020) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2020.0006 · Cited by 9
Nutritional Periodization: Applications for the Strength Athlete
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“5% (14,48) because it draws water into muscle tissue and is stored, much like glycogen (7,23,57).”
Background
Comparison of the Amino Acid and Peptide Composition and Postprandial Response of Beef, Chicken, and Whey Protein Nutritional Preparations
Detzel, C. J., Petschow, B., Johnson, N., & Weaver, E. (2016) · Functional Foods in Health and Disease · doi:10.31989/ffhd.v6i10.308 · Cited by 9
“Alternatively, the gains in body composition and performance observed for BeefISOTM and MyoCHXTM might be explained by the role of other factors that may contribute to stimulating MPS, such as creatine in beef [33, 34] or other amino acids [35, 36].”
Background
Dietary Supplements Used in Combat Sports
Campbell, B. I., Bounty, P. M. L., & Wilborn, C. (2011) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e31823a4e90 · Cited by 13
“A vast amount of scientific literature has demonstrated that creatine amplifies the training-induced adaptations to these specific skills and features (11,27,39,50,52,85).”
Background
Voluntary Muscle Function after Creatine Supplementation in Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia
Baker-Fulco, C. J., Fulco, C. S., Kellogg, M. D., Glickman, E. L., & Young, A. J. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000228948.70399.38 · Cited by 7
Creatine Consumption in Health
POORTMANS, J. R., & Francaux, M. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-573-2_5 · Cited by 6
The Effect of Creatine Loading on Neuromuscular Fatigue in Women
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Supplements for Strength-Power Athletes
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“For example, shortterm adaptations (typically following 5 days of creatine ingestion) include increased cycling power and total work performed on both the bench press and jump squat (6,45,50,59,65,68).”
Background
Effets ergogéniques de la créatine
Bigard, A. X. (1998) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/s0765-1597(98)80001-4 · Cited by 7
Strategies to reduce age-related skeletal muscle wasting
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Suplementação de creatina anula o efeito adverso do exercício de endurance sobre o subseqüente desempenho de força
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“These results are in agreement with results found by other researchers(17,24).”
Result
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on the Myostatin Pathway and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Different Skeletal Muscles of Resistance-Trained Rats
de Carvalho, M. R., Duarte, E. F., de Mendonça, M. L. M., de Morais, C. S., Ota, G. E., Júnior, J. J. G., Filiú, W. F. D. O., Damatto, F. C., Okoshi, M. P., Okoshi, K., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092224 · Cited by 7
“In previous studies, creatine supplementation promoted an increase in muscle mass during resistance training with a progressive overload increase [12,81].”
Background
Different protein and derivatives supplementation strategies combined with resistance training in pre-frail and frail elderly: Rationale and protocol for the “Pro-Elderly” Study
Fernandes, A. L., Hayashi, A. P., Filho, J. C. J., de Capitani, M. D., de Santana, D. A., Gualano, B., & Roschel, H. (2017) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106017737465 · Cited by 7
“, 1992), particularly for high intensity and short duration tasks (Izquierdo et al., 2002; Tarnopolsky and MacLennan, 2000; Volek et al., 1997).”
Background
Creatine co‐ingestion with carbohydrate or cinnamon extract provides no added benefit to anaerobic performance
Islam, H., Yorgason, N. J., & Hazell, T. J. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1071877 · Cited by 8
“…or participating in supervised training (n = 67), in anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, or muscular endurance (Becque et al., 2000; Birch et al., 1994; Earnest et al., 1995; Izquierdo et al., 2002; Kreider et al., 1998; Vandenberghe et al., 1997; Volek et al., 1997; Ziegenfuss et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
IS RUNNING PERFORMANCE ENHANCED WITH CREATINE SERUM INGESTION?
Astorino, T., Marrocco, A. C., Gross, S. M., Johnson, D. L., Brazil, C., Icenhower, M. E., & Kneessi, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-16744.1 · Cited by 7
“Previous research indicates that Cr loading augments short-term, sprint exercise (13, 22), resistance training (7, 18, 25, 27), and repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise (2, 10).”
Background
Ultra-sonografia do músculo longissimus dorsi de eqüinos da raça Puro-sangue Árabe em treinamento de resistência associado à suplementação prolongada com creatina Ultrassonography images of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Arabian horses in endurance training associated to chronically supplemented wi
D'Angelis, F. H. D. F., da Mota, M. D. S., Freitas, E. V. V., Ferraz, G. D. C., Abrahão, A. R., Lacerda-neto, J. C., & de Queiroz-Neto, A. (2005) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária · doi:10.4322/rbcv.2014.320 · Cited by 7
Effect of Protein Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Kim, J., 이, 철., 박, 광., & Lee, J. (2010) · Korean Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.24985/kjss.2010.21.3.1298 · Cited by 6
L-Glutamine Supplementation
Piattoly, T., & Welsch, M. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200405001-00603 · Cited by 4
Effect of two different creatine supplementation products on muscular strength and power
Vukovich, M., & Michaelis, J. (1998) · Sports medicine, training, and rehabilitation/Sports medicine, training and rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15438629909512539 · Cited by 6
The emerging and evolving evidence supporting creatine as an ergogenic aid: history and applications
Kerksick, C. M., Gonzalez, D. E., Stout, J. R., Forbes, S., Candow, D. G., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Marshall, R. P., Schwesig, R., & Kreider, R. B. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2646627 · Cited by 6
Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety
Gonzalez, D. E., Forbes, S. C., Zapp, A., Jagim, A. R., Luedke, J. A., Dickerson, B. L., Root, A., Gil, A. C., Johnson, S. E., Coles, M. E., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193285 · Cited by 6
Isokinetic trunk muscle performance in adolescents with different body mass indices
Al-Shenqiti, A., Emara, H., Algarni, F., & Khaled, O. A. (2021) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.03.008 · Cited by 5
Short-Term Creatine Loading Improves Total Work and Repetitions to Failure but Not Load–Velocity Characteristics in Strength-Trained Men
Feuerbacher, J. F., von Schöning, V., Melcher, J., Notbohm, H. L., Freitag, N., & Schumann, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030826 · Cited by 7
Anti-fatigue effect of a cucumber vinegar beverage on rats after high-intensity exercise
Cho, H.-D., Kim, J.-H., Lee, J. H., Hong, S.-M., Yee, S.-T., & Seo, K. (2017) · doi:10.9721/kjfst.2017.49.2.209 · Cited by 5
What Else Is in Your Supplement? A Review of the Effectiveness of the Supportive Ingredients in Multi-ingredient Performance Supplements to Improve Strength, Power, and Recovery
Allman, B., Kreipke, V. C., & Ormsbee, M. (2015) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000142 · Cited by 5
“Despite the increase in commercially available MIPS and the use of these products by athletes, the efficacy for improved strength and/or power performance is most commonly attributed to just 4 primary ingredients: creatine monohydrate (85), beta-alanine (BA) (28), caffeine (9), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (…”
Background
Physiological Basis for Creatine Supplementation in Skeletal Muscle
Kraemer, W., Luk, H.-Y., Lombard, J. R., Dunn-Lewis, C., & Volek, J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00039-4 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Nutritional Supplements for Strength Power Athletes
Wilborn, C. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-231-1_10 · Cited by 4
“Scientifi c studies indicate that creatine supplementation is an effective and safe nutritional strategy to promote gains in strength and muscle mass during resistance training [ 6 – 10 ].”
Background
Over-the-Counter sports supplements: What clinicians need to know
Kenkare, Z. N., & Federman, D. G. (2002) · Comprehensive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12019-002-0054-4 · Cited by 7
Acute effects of beetroot juice vs. creatine supplementation on maximal strength, autonomic regulation, and muscle oxygenation during incremental resistance exercise
Salem, A., Ammar, A., Kerkeni, M., Boujelbane, M. A., Uyar, A. M., Köbel, L. M., Selvaraj, S., Zare, R., Heinrich, K. M., Jahrami, H., et al. (2025) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2025.151658 · Cited by 4
“Com - bining CR with resistance training significantly boosts muscle strength gains in adults under 50 years [27, 28].”
Oral creatine supplementation: A potential adjunct therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients
Wilkinson, T. J. (2014) · World Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.5499/wjr.v4.i3.22 · Cited by 3
Efeitos da ingestão de creatina na composição corporal e na performance do exercício supino
Dias, A. D. C., Fazolo, E., Morgado, J., Pimentel, P. A., & Dantas, E. H. (2003) · Fitness & Performance Journal · doi:10.3900/fpj.2.5.270.p · Cited by 4
“Outros tecidos que contêm quantidades signifi cativas de Cr são os do coração, dos testículos, da retina e do cérebro (MUJIKA; PADILLA, 1997; VOLEK,1997).”
Background
Creatine and other nonsteroidal strength-enhancing aids.
Bohn, A., Betts, S., & Schwenk, T. (2002) · Current sports medicine reports · doi:10.1249/00149619-200208000-00008 · Cited by 4
Roundtable Discussion
Haff, G. G. (2001) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/00126548-200106000-00011 · Cited by 4
“Incorporating creatine supplementation into the athlete’s nutritional plan may also enhance the quality of training sessions and improve exercise performance (34, 36, 39, 40).”
General Nutritional Considerations for Strength Athletes
Volek, J. (2000) · Nutrition in exercise and sport · doi:10.1201/9781420036923.ch2 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Effects of a Blend of Trisodium Citrate, Creatine Monohydrate, Leucine, and Blueberry Extract on Training-Induced Changes in Leg Extension Strength, Endurance, and Muscle Size
Roberts, T. D., Arnett, J. E., Ortega, D. G., Pioske, J. S., Daugherty, F. J., Tempesta, M. S., Dash, A. K., Schmidt, R. J., & Housh, T. J. (2025) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2025.2518408 · Cited by 3
“…studies (Anders et al. 2021; Hummer et al. 2019; Stout et al. 1999; Beck et al. 2007; Kaviani et al. 2019; Kerksick et al. 2009; Mills et al. 2020; Volek et al. 1997), literature reviews (Antonio et al. 2021; Kreider et al. 2017; Rawson and Volek 2003), and meta-analyses (Lanhers et al. 2015;…”
Effectiveness of supplementation to potentiate lean mass gain during resistance training: A systematic review
Sandoval, C., Villagrán-Silva, F., Recabarren, B., Schulz, M., & Souza‐Mello, V. (2023) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2022.05.008 · Cited by 3
Effects of Creatine Supplementation after 20 Minutes of Recovery in a Bench Press Exercise Protocol in Moderately Physically Trained Men
Maicas-Pérez, L., Hernández-Lougedo, J., Elvar, J. R. H., Pedauyé-Rueda, B., Cañuelo-Márquez, A. M., Barba-Ruíz, M., Lozano-Estevan, M. D. C., García-Fernández, P., & Maté‐Muñoz, J. L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030657 · Cited by 4
“Regarding the strength protocols in which multiple sets are performed until muscle failure occurs with submaximal loads, improvements have also been reported in muscular performance after short-term creatine supplementation [33,34].”
BackgroundResult
The effect of creatine supplementation on the response of central and peripheral pulse wave velocity to high-intensity resistance exercise
Aubry, R. L., Whinton, A. K., & Burr, J. F. (2018) · Cogent Medicine · doi:10.1080/2331205x.2018.1512352 · Cited by 4
“Creatine supplementation is broadly supported as an ergogenic aid to increase performance in high-intensity and intermittent exercise such as resistance training (Izquierdo, Ibañez, González-Badillo, & Gorostiaga, 2002; Kreider, Ferreira, & Almada, 1998; Volek et al., 1997).”
Background
Loads and Movement Speeds Dictate Differences in Power Output During Circuit Training
Roberson, K. B., Chowdhari, S., White, M. J., & Signorile, J. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001731 · Cited by 3
“(38) reported acute changes in muscle power and total repetitions in male participants after individual sets and training sessions, with or without creatine supplementation.”
BackgroundInfluential
COMPONENTES ATIVOS DE ORIGEM ANIMAL
de Aguiar, C. L., Coró, F. A. G., & Pedrão, M. R. (2005) · Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos · doi:10.5380/cep.v23i2.4476 · Cited by 3
“Apesar de seu mecanismo ser conhecido, não está bem definido como sua inserção na alimentação pode elevar sua concentração na musculatura (VOLEK et al., 1997).”
Creatine Supplementation and the Strength Athlete
Volek, J. S. (2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420036923.ch8 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Performance Enhancement Drugs and Sports Supplements for Resistance Training
Guimarães-Ferreira, L., Dantas, W., Murai, I., Duncan, M., & Zanchi, N. E. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00003-5 · Cited by 3
Intermittent Fasting, Nutritional Supplementation, and Resistance Training as Strategy for Body Weight Loss: An Update
Sandoval, C., Villagrán-Silva, F., Santibañez, S., & Vargas, C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022021000100172 · Cited by 3
FNDC5 Gene Expression and Irisin Protein Level of Visceral Fat Tissue after Eight Weeks of Resistance Training in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Abdi, A., Ramezani, N., & Amini, M. (2018) · مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل · doi:10.29252/jarums.18.1.80 · Cited by 1
Urgent Need of Nutritional Strategy and Innovated Functional Foods for Athletes Health and Fitness
Al‐Okbi, S. Y., Wahba, H. M., Mohamed, M. S., & Taha, M. N. (2014) · Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences · doi:10.12816/0008178 · Cited by 2
“The rationale is that creatine supplementation has been reported to increase total body mass (27-31), fat-free mass (31- 33) single-effort and/or repetitive sprint capacity (27, 28, 31, 34), strength and/or power, (35), and work performed during sets of maximal effort muscle contraction.”
Background
Supplémentation en créatine – État de la question
Saint-Pierre, M.-A., POORTMANS, J. R., & Léger, L. (2002) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/s0765-1597(02)00118-1 · Cited by 3
Physiological Basis for Creatine Supplementation in Skeletal Muscle and the Central Nervous System
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Self-citation
Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports Supplements for Resistance Training
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Oral Creatine Hydrochloride Supplementation: Acute Effects on Submaximal, Intermittent Bouts of Bench Press and Vertical Jump Exercises
McDonough, D. J. (2017) · doi:10.18122/b2kx4q · Cited by 2
“The authors concluded that 1 wk of 25 g·d Cr supplementation increases muscular performances during repeated sets of jump squat and bench press exercises, likely due to the greater TCr pools from supplementation.(23) Moreover, Earnest et al.”
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A Game of Inches
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The Safety and Efficacy of Creatine, Ephedra, and Anabolic-Steroid Precursors
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Drugs and nutrition
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The Creatine Debate:Should Young Athletes Use this Controversial Supplement?
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Female and Fit?
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Physiological Role of Creatine in Muscle Metabolism During Exercise
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Effects of creatine supplementation with and without exercise and diet intervention on body composition, cognitive function, and markers of health in middle-aged and older adults
Chun, J., Liu, Y., Kibler, G. L., Lee, H., Babakhani, K., Rhoades, N., Bivins, I., Ko, J., Dickerson, B., Gonzalez, D. E., et al. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2716273
“Creatine supplementation has been consistently reported to increase muscle mass in response to resistance-exercise training in younger and older populations [102–106].”

Authors: VOLEK, J. S., KRAEMER, W. J., BUSH, J. A., BOETES, M., INCLEDON, T., CLARK, K. L., & LYNCH, J. M.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: VOLEK, JEFF S.
KRAEMER, WILLIAM J.
BUSH, JILL A.
CLARK, KRISTINE L.
LYNCH, JAMES M.
Venue: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-07
Volume: 97
Issue: 7
Pages: 765-770
ISSN: 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00189-2
OpenAlex: W1995489858
Cited by: 219
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 4.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biochemical effects in animals
Keywords: creatine monohydrate, creatine supplementation, muscle performance, high-intensity resistance training, bench press, jump squat, peak power, weight gain
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Composition, Creatine, Diet, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Placebos, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Lactic Acid

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Creatine Supplementation Enhances Muscular Performance During High-Intensity Resistance Exercise

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