The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 150 of the 155 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Macrophage Responses to Hypoxia
Open accessAbstract
The presence of multiple areas of hypoxia (low oxygen tension) is a hallmark feature of human and experimental tumors. Monocytes are continually recruited into tumors, differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and then accumulate in these hypoxic areas. A number of recent studies have shown that macrophages respond to the levels of hypoxia found in tumors by up-regulating such transcription factors as hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2, which in turn activate a broad array of mitogenic, pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, and pro-metastatic genes. This could explain why high numbers of TAMs correlate with poor prognosis in various forms of cancer. In this review, we assess the evidence for hypoxia activating a distinct, pro-tumor phenotype in macrophages and the possible effect of this on the growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion of tumors. We also discuss current attempts to selectively target TAMs for destruction or to use them to deliver gene therapy specifically to hypoxic tumor sites.
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“Macrophages accumulate in hypoxic environments to release prohealing and pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) [63] and enzymes such as Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) [64].”
From Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles (2015) · cites this paper as [64]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lewis, C., & Murdoch, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lewis, Claire
- Venue
- The American Journal of Pathology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 627-635
- ISSN
- 0002-9440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1698733
- OpenAlex
- W1515730558
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal Of Pathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Keywords
- tumor-associated macrophages, hypoxia, HIF-1, HIF-2, tumor microenvironment, tumor invasion, tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, macrophage polarization, TAM-targeted therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hypoxia, Humans, Macrophages, Neoplasms, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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