Cited by 5,528Immune cells in cancerImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesAngiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer

Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes

MANTOVANI, A, SOZZANI, S, LOCATI, M, ALLAVENA, P, SICA, A·2002·Trends in Immunology

Abstract

Mononuclear phagocytes are versatile cells that can express different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals. Fully polarized M1 and M2 (or alternatively activated) macrophages are the extremes of a continuum of functional states. Macrophages that infiltrate tumor tissues are driven by tumor-derived and T cell-derived cytokines to acquire a polarized M2 phenotype. These functionally polarized cells, and similarly oriented or immature dendritic cells present in tumors, have a key role in subversion of adaptive immunity and in inflammatory circuits that promote tumor growth and progression.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02302-5

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4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
MANTOVANI, A., SOZZANI, S., LOCATI, M., ALLAVENA, P., & SICA, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IT)
Corresponding author
MANTOVANI, A
Venue
Trends in Immunology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-11-01
Volume
23
Issue
11
Pages
549-555
ISSN
1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2001717792
Cited by
5,528
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 153 · 2025: 257 · 2024: 341 · 2023: 312 · 2022: 393 · 2021: 392 · 2020: 355 · 2019: 286 · 2018: 281 · 2017: 332 · 2016: 301 · 2015: 291 · 2014: 307 · 2013: 268 · 2012: 265
FWCI
17.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
Keywords
macrophage polarization, tumor-associated macrophages, M2 macrophages, M1 macrophages, mononuclear phagocytes, tumor microenvironment, dendritic cells, immune evasion, tumor growth and progression, cytokines
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Neoplasms, Phagocytes, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Models, Immunological, Chemokines

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