The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Heuristic definitions of fish shoaling behaviour
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion.
Murray, J. D., & Pedley, T. J. (1978) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530028 · Cited by 1,060
The Biology of the Clupeoid Fishes
Blaxter, J. H. S., & Hunter, J. R. (1982) · Advances in Marine Biology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2881(08)60140-6 · Cited by 589
Fish in larger shoals find food faster
Pitcher, T. J., Magurran, A. E., & Winfield, I. J. (1982) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300175 · Cited by 537
Self-citationTime Budgeting and Group Size: A Test of Theory
Caraco, T. (1979) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1936082 · Cited by 390
Predator-prey interactions in two schooling fishes, Caranx ignobilis and Stolephorus purpureus
Major, P. F. (1978) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90142-2 · Cited by 263
Predation and the evolution of gregariousness. I. Models for concealment and evasion
Treisman, M. (1975) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(75)90106-2 · Cited by 239
Foraging, timidity and shoal size in minnows and goldfish
Magurran, A. E., & Pitcher, T. J. (1983) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00343206 · Cited by 156
Self-citationPredator-avoidance behaviours of sand-eel schools: why schools seldom split
Pitcher, T. J., & Wyche, C. J. (1983) · Developments in environmental biology of fishes · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7296-4_21 · Cited by 126
Self-citationShoal size, patch profitability and information exchange in foraging goldfish
Pitcher, T. J., & Magurran, A. E. (1983) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80078-5 · Cited by 126
Self-citationSensory information and the organization of behaviour in a shoaling cyprinid fish
Pitcher, T. J. (1979) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90133-7 · Cited by 125
Self-citation
Cited by
Vicsek, T., & Zafeiris, A. (2012) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004 · Cited by 2,923
Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes.
Bargh, J. A., & Ferguson, M. J. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.126.6.925 · Cited by 1,150
Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts
Pitcher, T. J. (1986) · The Behaviour of Teleost Fishes · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8261-4_12 · Cited by 962
Self-citationFunctions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts
Pitcher, T. J., & Parrish, J. K. (1993) · Behaviour of Teleost Fishes · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1578-0_12 · Cited by 621
Self-citationCollective behavior in animal groups: Theoretical models and empirical studies
Giardina, I. (2008) · HFSP Journal · doi:10.2976/1.2961038 · Cited by 275
Metadata
- Authors
- Pitcher, T. J.
- Venue
- Animal Behaviour
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-05
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 611-613
- ISSN
- 0003-3472 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968367630
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 8.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Heuristic definitions of fish shoaling behaviour. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80087-6
- The paper
- Pitcher, T. J. (1983). Heuristic definitions of fish shoaling behaviour. Animal Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80087-6
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.