Cited by 548Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs

Wells, Adrian, Clark, David M., Salkovskis, Paul, Ludgate, John, Hackmann, Ann, Gelder, Michael·1995·Behavior Therapy

DOI 10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80088-7

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Using safety behaviors thus precludes one from disconfirming their maladaptive threat beliefs (e.g., the absence of social rejection is attributed to safety behaviors) and thus interferes with the effectiveness of exposure-based therapies [14,55].”
Background
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“reasoning, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that change in threat perception is enhanced by reducing SBs during exposure to feared situations (e.g., Beesdo-Baum et al., 2012; Kamphuis & Telch, 2000; Kim, 2005; Plasencia et al, 2011; Salkovskis et al., 1999; Taylor & Alden, 2010; Wells et al., 1995).”
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“However, individuals with social anxiety tend to avoid social activities, especially in unfamiliar social situations [61].”
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“Hirsch and Clark (2004) suggest that the persistence of fear character-ising social anxiety is unlikely to be maintained solely by avoiding social situations (e.g. Wells et al., 1995) because socially anxious individuals often have some form of regular social interaction.”
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“Future studies asking participants to rate the believability of their attributions, as in a study by Wells et al. (1995), may be helpful in determining whether the first attribution listed, which we conceptualised as the ‘ jumping to conclusion ’ bias, is indeed the most believable and rigidly held…”
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“In support of this premise, one study showed that exposure plus reduced safety behaviors was superior to exposure without reduced safety behaviors in reducing within-situation anxiety and anxiety-perpetuating cognitions ( Wells et al., 1995 ).”
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“Because the assessment was offline and explicit, individuals in the high-SA group might have engaged in impression management or self-monitoring, downplaying negative content (83,84).”
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“In the anxiety disorder literature, reducing safety behaviors is associated with improved outcomes (Salkovskis, Clark, Hackmann, Wells, & Gelder, 1999; Wells et al., 1995 ).”
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“Numerous studies have provided support for the inclusion of the selected variables in CWM (e.g. Morgan and Raffle, 1999; Smits et al., 2006; Wells et al., 1995), but only one study has tested the variables together.”
BackgroundResult
Gedanken und Überzeugungen werden überschätzt
Lincoln, T. M., Heumann, K., Teichert, M., Schienle, A., Ille, R., Sommer, E. N. B. N. G. M., Arendasy, M. E., Rief, W., Schimek, M., Walter, T., et al. (2014) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000360872 · Cited by 1
“…werden können, dass eine Expositionsbehandlung nach dem Habituationsrational weniger effektiv ist als Exposition in Kombination mit der Veränderung von Sicherheitsverhalten oder mit der Modifizierung der Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung des Patienten [Wells et al., 1995; Wells und Papageorgiou, 1998].”
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“Reappraisal is regarded as an appropriate mode of emotional regulation, while attempts to suppress negative emotions [Wells et al., 1995] or obsessive “scrolling” of the same thoughts in the head [Mellings and Alden, 2000; Rachmann, et al.”
Background
Validation of Korean Version of the Anger Discomfort Scale
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“Cognitive-behavioral theo-rists have highlighted fear of negative evaluation from others as a core feature of social anxiety (Wells et al., 1995).”
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“These findings are in line with study results which link safety behaviors to negative and repetitive mental processes (Clark & Wells, 1995; Okajima et al., 2009; Wells et al., 1995) and to psychopathological symptoms of anxiety (Clark & Wells, 1995; Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Salkovskis et al., 1999;…”
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“” The experimental rationales were modeled after previous work (Kim, 2005; Wells et al., 1995).”
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43 Soziale Phobie
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STUDENTŲ PATIRIAMO SOCIALINIO NERIMO IR TAIKOMŲ ĮVEIKOS STRATEGIJŲ POKYČIAI PER VIENERIUS METUS
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“…unnecessary, and are used to prevent or avoid a feared outcome (Clark, 2005; Clark & Wells, 30 1995; Dugas et al., 1998; Dugas & Robichaud, 2007; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996; Salkovskis et al., 1996; Salkovskis, Clark, Hackmann, Wells, & Gelder, 1999; Wells et al. 1995).”
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Angst og depression: Emotionsregulering i psykoterapi
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“Dertil benytter disse personer også en række sikkerhedsstrategier (Clark & Wells, 1995; Wells et al., 1995).”
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“Avoidance in all its forms can maintain social anxiety by undermining coping self-efficacy, preventing disconfirmation of social fears, and leading to self-fulfilling prophecies, whereby excessive alcohol use can lead to actual negative evaluation (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997; Wells et al., 1995).”
Background
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Riskind, J. H., & Rector, N. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8782-5_15
Mixed methods investigation of distress related to psychosis experiences
Akoral, M. (2019) · Queen Margaret University Publications Repository (Queen Margaret University)
Beliefs about Safety Behaviours: An Examination across Three Relevant Populations
Meyer, J. M. (2019) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)

Authors: Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
ORCID: Clark, David M.
Salkovskis, Paul
Venue: Behavior Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1995
Volume: 26
Issue: 1
Pages: 153-161
ISSN: 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80088-7
OpenAlex: W2151136747
Cited by: 548
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 11.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: social anxiety disorder, safety behavior, exposure therapy, anxiety maintenance

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