The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs
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“These constructs produce a positive feedback loop that sustains social anxiety by preventing exposure despite repeated successful social encounters (Wells et al., 1995).”
From Can dialectical behavior therapy skills group treat social anxiety disorder? A brief integrative review (2024) · cites this paper as Wells et al., 1995
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
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A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
(1994) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1,205
Social phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Heimberg, R. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,067
The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account
Salkovskis, P. M. (1991) · Behavioural Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300011472 · Cited by 780
Self-citationPrice, J. N. (1986) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932000016369 · Cited by 715
Panic: Psychological Perspectives
Rachman, S., & Maser, J. D. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 520
Cognitive processes in social phobia
Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90024-o · Cited by 489
Self-citationPanic—Psychological perspectives
Lindsay, S. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90021-1 · Cited by 477
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–546 of 546
Prejudice, Stigma, Privilege, and Oppression Regarding African Americans
West, L. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35517-3_4
Blakey, S. M. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/rhjx-kb76
Social Phobia: The Effects of Attention Training Technique and Situational Attentional Refocusing
Burhol, A. C., & Riseth, A. (2011) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Swee, M. B., Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.007
Fehm, L. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-28511-3_40
Web trustworthiness and shyness
Johnston, I. (2012) · doi:10.22215/etd/2012-09544
Fehm, L., & Knappe, S. (2011) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13018-2_43
French, P., & Morrison, A. P. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713259.refs
Studies of the 5-HTTLPR Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (literature review)
Proshina, E. A., Bocharov, A. V., Savostyanov, A. N., & Knyazev, G. G. (2022) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-022-01314-3
“…of social anxiety, in opposition to inappropriate means: avoidance of situations associated with communications, i.e., the “safest” possible behavior [Wells et al., 1995], and subsequent obsessive “replaying” of the same thoughts in the head [Mellings and Alden, 2000; Rachmann et al., 2000].”
BackgroundFirst Wave Conceptualizations of Anxiety Disorders
Lancaster, C. L., & Smirnova, M. O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11677-3_13
Combining Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Tolin, D. F., & Sain, K. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190068752.013.21
Kang, S. A., & Kim, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Social Science · doi:10.16881/jss.2023.10.34.4.3
Social anxiety disorder and COVID-19: Treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy
Samantaray, N. N., & Dolly, S. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95650-5.00040-9
The Measurement of Reactions to Face Masks and the Relation to Social Anxiety
Penna, A., Russell, M., Margaris, A. M., Lamoli, L., & Fisak, B. J. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2023-0052
Mangnus, M., Koch, S. B. J., Devillers, R., Peter Hagoort, A., Bašnáková, J., & Stolk, A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.622970
Chapter 6. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder
Marshall, R. D., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2004) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377138.lg06
Stein, D. J. (2004) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377138.lg01
Chapter 2. Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Kinrys, G., & Pollack, M. H. (2004) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377138.lg02
Chapter 5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Martis, B., Keuthen, N. J., Wilson, K., & Jenike, M. A. (2004) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377138.lg05
Perich, E. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.254565 · Cited by 1
Tu, S., He, J., Liu, J., Zhao, H., Turel, O., & He, Q. (2025) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-025-03038-9
“They specifically extend the previous cognitive models of SP that included cross-sectional evidence (Clark and Wells 1995).”
Wei, J., & Ming, Y. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8015622/v1
Loafing in the Audience or Fear in the Speaker
Yazdi, E. (2008) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Chung, M.-L., Seib-Pfeifer, L.-E., Elling, C., Geiser, F., Forstner, A. J., Schumacher, J., & Conrad, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26557745
Velthuizen, S. L. M., van den Bos, E., Miers, A. C., Chen, J., & Westenberg, P. M. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01420-z
“The Clark and Wells (1995) model of the development and maintenance of SAD in adults describes how self-focused attention causes socially anxious individuals to base their self-evaluations on negative assumptions about how others view them.”
InfluentialHallel, H., Maharat, E., Sheppes, G., & Lazarov, A. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100961
Kim, E., Jang, Y., Park, B., Kim, H. E., Kim, B.-H., & Kim, J.-J. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1729909
Substrats cognitifs et comportementaux de l’assertivité et de ses troubles
Dijk, A. V. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a984ac6dz6f4cz4291z8174z0e5dd36a0999
Lindeberg, T., Patmisari, E., & McLaren, H. (2026) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2026.101001
Seeing and Being Seen: Webcams, Videoconferencing, and the Experience of Ostracism
Gasparini, I., Telari, A., Pancani, L., & Riva, P. (2026) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/8261181
Emotional body odors alter autonomic nervous activity during mindfulness training in social anxiety
Bò, E. D., Cecchetto, C., Zurlo, L., Lavezzo, L., Eliasson, E. T., Vigna, E., Scilingo, E. P., Greco, A., Nardelli, M., Francesco, F. D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103201
Bauerly, K. R., & Mefferd, A. S. (2026) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106236
Enduring Effects for Cognitive Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety
Hollon, S. D., Stewart, M. O., & Strunk, D. R. (2026) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.26024120
Agent-Based Modelling of Anticipatory Anxiety Theoretical Foundations and Application on Bullying
Carvalho, J. C. M. M. R., & Vanhée, L. (2026) · Springer proceedings in complexity · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31712-4_5
Kardash, O. L. (2026) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2026.106680
Lee, H., Hwang, J.-H., Cho, C., & Heo, J. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/85281
Lee, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1851626
“…exposure-based interventions addressing avoidance of evaluative performance situations and cognitive approaches informed by models of threat interpretation, self-focused attention, and fear of negative evaluation (Appel, 1976; Wells et al., 1995; Rapee and Heimberg, 1997; Kaczkurkin and Foa, 2015).”
Effects of Latin dance exercise on body image and social anxiety in female college students
Wang, L.-Y., Li, Z.-Z., Liu, Y.-M., & Lyu, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1958896
“Although such strategies provide temporary relief, they reinforce negative beliefs and thereby maintain social anxiety over time (Wells et al., 1995).”
From Bullying to Career Change: Lived Experiences of Indian Women Who Stutter
Gupta, S., & Dutt, K. (2026) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2026_persp-26-00006
The Effects of Preventative and Restorative Safety Behaviors on Contamination Fear
Goetz, A. R. (2013) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
Metadata
- Authors
- Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-161
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2151136747
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 11.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, safety behavior, exposure therapy, anxiety maintenance
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