A long-term study on the dynamics of the elephant (Elephas maximus) population in Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lanka
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In Sri Lanka, male elephants congregate in small groups of up to seven animals, with approximately 20% of elephant sightings comprising all-male groups.
“In Sri Lanka, male elephants congregate in small groups of up to seven animals, with approximately 20% of elephant sightings comprising all-male groups [17].”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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“…the shape and scale of seed shadows are likely to be common; many seed dispersing animals show distinct daily patterns of foraging, movement or other behaviours (e.g. Heithaus and Fleming 1978; Smythe 1978; CharlesDominique 1991; Westcott and Smith 1994; Katugaha et al. 1999; Poulsen et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe dynamics of social networks among female Asian elephants
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“Interestingly, in drier regions of Sri Lanka just a few kilometers east of the study site, elephants are reported to aggregate in wet seasons rather than dry seasons [56], a similarity to African savannah elephants that could be ecologically driven.”
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“Documentation of reproductive and demographic variables for wild populations by contrast are scarce [13,15–17].”
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“738; Kleiber 1961).”
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“82 (McDougal 1987; Sukumar 1989; Nowell and Jackson 1996; Katugaha et al. 1999; Santiapillai and Jayawardene 2004).”
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“62 (SE) elephants (95% CI = [37, 56]; PCCL= 43.”
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“…Prayurasiddhi 1997; Vairavel 1998, Sankar et al. 2001; Kumar et al. 2004) and Asian elephant (Mckay 1973; Oliver 1978; Shahi 1980; Ishwaran 1981; Sukumar 1985; Karanth and Sunquist 1992; Easa and Balakrishnan 1995; Kurt et al. 1995; Katugaha et al. 1999; Arivazhagan 2005; Williams et al. 2007).”
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Impacts of socialization on bull Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) stereotypical behavior
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“Long-term studies of social dynamics of Asian elephants in Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lanka, for example, revealed that bulls do have regular contact with other elephants, including other bulls [19,20].”
BackgroundPLA-ARD, M., KHIOESREE, N., SUNGKALAK, B., Nathalang, A., THOMAS, W., Uthairatsamee, S., Paansri, P., CHANACHAI, Y., & Sukmasuang, R. (2021) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d230129 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“In this study, the sex ratio between adult male and adult female was classified as normal when compared with the normal ratio of 1:1.87 and 1:1.85 reported in the Rajaji National Park in India (Williams et al. 2007) and Ruhuna National Park in Sri Lanka (Katugaha et al. 1999), respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialSmit, J. B., Searle, C. E., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., Strampelli, P., Mkuburo, L., Kakengi, V. A., Kohi, E. M., Dickman, A., & Lee, P. C. (2022) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.13083 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…protected, elephants may use roads for ease of movement (Granados et al., 2012 ), while in areas of higher risk, elephants may avoid roads (Blake et al., 2008 ) or time their use of roads to reduce interactions with humans and vehicles (Gaynor et al., 2018; Elephas maximus , Katugaha et al., 1999).”
STUDY ON MAN - WILDLIFE INTERACTION IN WAYANAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, KERALA
Sankar, S. (2001) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
(2020) · The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences · doi:10.36899/japs.2020.6.0163 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“Despite bans on hunting, elephant pop - ulations halved between 1985 and 1999 due to continued habitat destruction and fragmentation (Katugaha et al., 1999 ; Santiapillai & Jackson, 1990 ).”
STATUS, HABITAT UTILIZATION AND MOVEMENT PATTERN OF LARGER MAMMALS IN WAYANAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Easa, P. S. (1999) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Socioecology, acoustic communication and demography of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka
de Silva, S. (2010) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR
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Moots, H. M., Larsdotter, J., Oteo‐García, G., Dehasque, M., Tubbesing, F., Thorpe, J. A. T., Xenikoudakis, G., Paolo, F. D., Selvatici, S., Chacón-Duque, J. C., et al. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.07.023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Ashokkumar, M., Chinnaiyan, S., & Kaliyaperumal, S. (2025) · Ochrana prírody Slovenska/Ekológia · doi:10.2478/eko-2025-0019
- Authors
- Katugaha, H. I. E., de Silva, M., & Santiapillai, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Peradeniya (LK)
- Corresponding author
- Katugaha, H.I.E
- Venue
- Biological Conservation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-59
- ISSN
- 0006-3207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996672367
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Conservation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
- Keywords
- Asian elephant, population dynamics, sex ratio, diurnal activity patterns, seasonal calving, wildlife monitoring, protected area management, long-term population study
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