The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanisms that explain the contraceptive action of progestin implants for women
Abstract
Four different contraceptive implants for women, in the form of capsules or covered rods, that release either one of the synthetic progestins levonorgestrel, etonogestrel, Nestorone, or Elcometrine and nomegestrol acetate were considered. These progestins act by binding to their receptors located in diverse target cells, which are distributed along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-genital tract axis. These implants differ in the extent to which each one interferes with various steps of the reproductive process and in the intensity with which each one affects the same process along its effective life, but they have in common the ability to interfere with several key processes required for gamete encounter and fertilization. The steps they interfere with most are the ovulatory process, through partial or complete inhibition of the gonadotropin surge, and by changing the quality of cervical mucus; they restrict or suppress the access of fertile spermatozoa to the site of fertilization. Changes in endometrial development also occur, but this contribution to the contraceptive action is difficult to determine at the present time.
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In the citing paper
“From a biological perspective, we know that progesterone-only hormonal birth control methods do induce contraceptive states [35]”
From A Survey of Mathematical Modeling of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon®
Croxatto, H. B., & Mäkäräinen, L. (1998) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00118-8 · Cited by 188
Self-citationRetractedThe Physiology of Reproduction
Legendre, M., & Jalabert, B. (1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-2-176_1 · Cited by 7,876
Lamb, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03272.x · Cited by 2,081
(1971) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-75-4-654_2 · Cited by 720
Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology
Adashi, E. Y., Rock, J. A., & Rosenwaks, Z. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 504
Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery and Technology
Thompson, I. E. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540400080045 · Cited by 433
Long-Acting Contraceptive Delivery Systems
Zatuchni, G. I. (1985) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1965589 · Cited by 280
Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Maturation
Eppig, J. J., Viveiros, M. M., Bivens, C. L. M., & Fuente, R. D. L. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012444562-8/50008-2 · Cited by 173
Brache, V., Faúndes, A., Johansson, E. D. B., & Alvarez, F. (1985) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(85)90096-4 · Cited by 115
A New Quantitative Test for Sperm Penetration into Cervical Mucus
Katz, D. F., Overstreet, J. W., & Hanson, F. W. (1980) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44539-5 · Cited by 97
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Items 101–117 of 117
Gautam, K., Dwivedi, S., Singh, D., & Anbumani, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820728-4.00006-x · Cited by 1
The Advantages of LARC Methods
Bahamondes, L. G., & Bahamondes, M. V. (2021) · Trends in andrology and sexual medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70932-7_8 · Cited by 1
Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods
Kindi, R. A., Salmani, A. A. A., Hadhrami, R. A., Sumri, S. A., & Sumri, H. H. A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.103858 · Cited by 1
Gyllenberg, F. (2020) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
EFECTO ABORTIVO DE LOS ANTICONCEPTIVOS HORMONALES: UNA REVISIÓN
Simó, P. A. (2015) · Cuadernos de bioética/Cuadernos de bioética
Oderich, C. L. (2010) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Anticoncepción: ¿cuál método seleccionar?
Tobón, J. J. Z. (2012) · IATREIA · doi:10.17533/udea.iatreia.13970
Barbosa, I., Coutinho, E. M., Matias, B. R. R., Lopes, R. C., & Lopes, A. C. V. (2004) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1590/s0100-72032004000600005
Peterson, H. B., & Curtis, K. M. (2005)
Barbosa, I., Coutinho, E. M., Matias, B. R. R., Lopes, R. C., Carlos, A., & Lopes, V. (2004)
Wagner, S. (2017) · Journal of Gynecology and Womens Health · doi:10.19080/jgwh.2017.05.555672
Failed Etonogestrel Implant (Nexplanon) in a Woman on anti-TB Medications: A Case ReportPreprint
Tufa, T. H., Fessehaye, A., & Abubeker, F. A. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-146071/v1
“Introduction Long acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) including Implants are among the most effective methods of reversible contraception with more than 99% e cacy [1].”
BackgroundThe Prevalence and Side Effect of Nexplanon in Baghdad
Ahmed, D. T. (2021) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2021/747
Khafaji, W. R. M. A., Jabber, A. M., & Eswad, M. H. N. (2026) · Journal Of Biochemical Technology · doi:10.51847/rgpnhzbeo3
Metadata
- Authors
- Croxatto, H. B.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Croxatto, Horacio B.
- Venue
- Contraception
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-27
- ISSN
- 0010-7824 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044424478
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Contraception (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- contraceptive implants, progestins, levonorgestrel, etonogestrel, norethisterone, norethisterone acetate, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, ovulation inhibition, luteinizing hormone surge, cervical mucus, sperm transport, endometrium, female contraception
- MeSH terms
- Cervix Mucus, Contraceptive Devices, Female, Drug Implants, Endometrium, Female, Humans, Ovary, Progesterone Congeners
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