The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrial thickness and echogenic pattern of the endometrium
Open accessAbstract
Objective To study the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on the endometrium by ultrasound and to reveal the echogenic difference between the control cycle and the CC cycle.Design Retrospective study of patients before and during a CC treatment.Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.Patient(s) Seventy-nine infertile women who had a spontaneous ovulation and a normal luteal function.Intervention(s) Patients received 50 mg/d CC between days 5 and 9 of the menstrual cycle.Main outcome measure(s) Endometrial thickness, echogenic pattern of the endometrium, serum E2 content, and E2 and P receptor contents in the endometrium.Result(s) Endometrial thickness was significantly thinner during the CC cycle (7.6 +/- 1.4 mm, mean +/- SD, n = 79) than during the control cycle (8.5 +/- 1.7 mm, n = 79) on late proliferative days, but there was no significant difference on midsecretory days (10.8 +/- 2.2 mm during the CC cycle, n = 79; 11.2 +/- 2.2 mm during the control cycle, n = 79). The echogenic patterns, however, were different between the two cycles on midsecretory days. Moreover, the incidence in which patients showed a grade 3 endometrium on midsecretory days was significantly higher during the conceived CC cycle compared with the not-conceived CC cycle. Serum E2 levels were significantly higher, but E2 receptor contents in the endometrium were significantly lower during the CC cycle (67 +/- 46 fmol/mg, n = 13) compared with the control cycle (123 +/- 89 fmol/mg, n = 15) on late proliferative days.Conclusion(s) Clomiphene citrate affected the echogenic pattern of the endometrium, and most of the endometrium showed a grade 3 pattern on midsecretory days during the conceived CC cycle. Under the CC treatment, the comfortable endometrium for embryos might be different from the control cycle.
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In the citing paper
“Unlike CC, they do not carry an antiestrogenic effect on the endometrium.”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“This has been attributed to its peripheral antiestrogenic effects, mainly on the endometrium and the cervical mucus (8 -13).”
From A new era in ovulation induction (2006) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Prolonged endometrial estrogen receptor depletion (9 -11) results in the significant thinning of the endometrium (endometrium thickness Յ8 mm) that is associated with clomiphene cycles compared with natural cycles and in clomiphene/hMG cycles compared with hMG alone (9,10,12,13).”
From A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women (2002) · cites this paper as [12]
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“…Clomifen Endometriumdicke (mm±SD; präovulatorisch) Endometriumdicke (mm±SD; Lutealphasenmitte) 50 mg Clomifen Kontrollen 50 mg Clomifen Kontrollen Nakamura et al. 1997 [26] 7,6±1,4 8,5±1,7* 10,8±2,2 11,2±2,2 Dehbashi et al. 2003 [10] 9,5±1,7 10,8±2,62** 10,0±1,77 10,3±2,94 *p<0,01…”
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“CC is known to exert an antiestrogenic effect on the cervical mucus and endometrial lining (56, 57 ) . Additionally, CC use 24 S.S.”
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“CC increases the release of GnRH by blocking hypothalamic oestrogen receptors to increase follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release (Randall and Templeton 1991; Nakamura et al. 1997).”
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Masciangioli, M. A., Urbina, M. T., & Medina, R. (2022) · JBRA · doi:10.5935/1518-0557.2012.16.1.02
A Latin American publication on the rise
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“For the SGG, the ET was greater than that in the CG, and this agrees with (Nakamura et al., 1997) who documented the same results.”
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“In our study, the mean endometrial thickness measured was 4 mm, a value considered inadequate for fresh embryo transfer [40].”
Karababa, G., Gül, A., Başkıran, Y., & Uçkan, K. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1155/ijcp/7645972
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nakamura, Y., Ono, M., Yoshida, Y., Sugino, N., Ueda, K., & Kato, H.
- Affiliations
- Yamaguchi University (JP)
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 256-260
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2000023045
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
- Keywords
- clomiphene citrate, endometrial thickness, endometrial echogenicity, endometrial receptivity, serum estradiol, ovulation induction, infertility, embryo implantation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clomiphene, Endometrium, Female, Humans, Receptors, Estradiol, Receptors, Progesterone, Reference Values, Ultrasonography
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