Cited by 161Reproductive System and PregnancyReproductive Health and TechnologiesEndometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments

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Effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrial thickness and echogenic pattern of the endometrium

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Nakamura, Yasuhiko, Ono, Mioko, Yoshida, Yutaka, Sugino, Norihiro, Ueda, Kazuyuki, Kato, Hiroshi·1997·Fertility and Sterility

DOI 10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81907-3

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Abstract

Objective To study the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on the endometrium by ultrasound and to reveal the echogenic difference between the control cycle and the CC cycle.Design Retrospective study of patients before and during a CC treatment.Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.Patient(s) Seventy-nine infertile women who had a spontaneous ovulation and a normal luteal function.Intervention(s) Patients received 50 mg/d CC between days 5 and 9 of the menstrual cycle.Main outcome measure(s) Endometrial thickness, echogenic pattern of the endometrium, serum E2 content, and E2 and P receptor contents in the endometrium.Result(s) Endometrial thickness was significantly thinner during the CC cycle (7.6 +/- 1.4 mm, mean +/- SD, n = 79) than during the control cycle (8.5 +/- 1.7 mm, n = 79) on late proliferative days, but there was no significant difference on midsecretory days (10.8 +/- 2.2 mm during the CC cycle, n = 79; 11.2 +/- 2.2 mm during the control cycle, n = 79). The echogenic patterns, however, were different between the two cycles on midsecretory days. Moreover, the incidence in which patients showed a grade 3 endometrium on midsecretory days was significantly higher during the conceived CC cycle compared with the not-conceived CC cycle. Serum E2 levels were significantly higher, but E2 receptor contents in the endometrium were significantly lower during the CC cycle (67 +/- 46 fmol/mg, n = 13) compared with the control cycle (123 +/- 89 fmol/mg, n = 15) on late proliferative days.Conclusion(s) Clomiphene citrate affected the echogenic pattern of the endometrium, and most of the endometrium showed a grade 3 pattern on midsecretory days during the conceived CC cycle. Under the CC treatment, the comfortable endometrium for embryos might be different from the control cycle.

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Manganiello, P. D., Stern, J. E., Stukel, T. A., Crow, H. C., Brinck‐Johnsen, T., & Weiss, J. E. (1997) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)00260-4 · Cited by 26
Inositols in the ovaries: activities and potential therapeutic applications
Laganà, A. S., Forte, G., Bizzarri, M., Kamenov, Z. A., Bianco, B. A. V., Kaya, C., Gitas, G., Alkatout, İ., Terzić, M., & Unfer, V. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2022.2071259 · Cited by 25
Tamoxifen is better than low-dose clomiphene or gonadotropins in women with thin endometrium (<7 mm) after clomiphene in intrauterine insemination cycles: A prospective study
Sharma, S., Rani, G., Bose, G., Saha, I., Bathwal, S., & Chakravarty, B. (2018) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_9_17 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, endometrial thinning has been observed in 15%–50% of CC users.[4,5] Introduction I insemination (IUI) is widely used as an empirical treatment for a large group of subfertile patients.”
Background
Stimulated cycle versus artificial cycle for frozen embryo transfer in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Meta-analysis
Zeng, M., Zhou, X., & Duan, J. L. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1867976 · Cited by 24
“However, clomiphene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that reduces endometrial thickness [9].”
Background
Effect of estradiol valerate on endometrium thickness during clomiphene citrate‐stimulated ovulation
Satirapod, C., Wingprawat, S., Jultanmas, R., Rattanasiri, S., Jirawatnotai, S., & Choktanasiri, W. (2013) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.12130 · Cited by 24
“In fact, it has been reported that the antiestrogenic activity of CC can cause thinning of endometrium.(9,10,12,13) Normally, endometrial thickness is a reflection of its ability to proliferate and of the”
Background
The effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate on ligands expression of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and Wnt8b in proliferative endometrium of women with Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Mehdinejadiani, S., Amidi, F., Mehdizadeh, M., Barati, M., Safdarian, L., Aflatoonian, R., Alyasin, A., Aghahosseini, M., Pazhohan, A., Hayat, P., et al. (2018) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2018.1446934 · Cited by 24
“Meanwhile, thin endometrium is known as main consequence in most of the women induced by CC [15,16] which can be due to changes in the expression of signaling molecules of Wnt pathway.”
Background
Expression of Concern: Intrauterine insemination versus timed intercourse with clomiphene citrate in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
Hashim, H. A., OMBAR, O., & Elaal, I. A. (2011) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01063.x · Cited by 23
Endometrial and follicular development following letrozole intervention in unexplained infertile patients failed to get pregnant with clomiphene citrate
Samani, F. G., Farzadi, L., Nezami, N., Tarzamni, M. K., & Soleimani, F. (2008) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0888-9 · Cited by 23
Clomiphene citrate versus letrozole with gonadotropins in intrauterine insemination cycles: A prospective randomized trial
Pourali, L., Ayati, S., Tavakolizadeh, S., Soleimani, H., & Sani, F. T. (2017) · International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM) · doi:10.29252/ijrm.15.1.49 · Cited by 23
Endometrial Development Was Improved by Transdermal Estradiol in Patients Treated with Clomiphene Citrate
Shimoya, K., Tomiyama, T., Hashimoto, K., Moriyama, A., Kawamoto, A., Tokugawa, Y., Ohashi, K., Saji, F., & Murata, Y. (1999) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000010116 · Cited by 23
A pilot study to prevent a thin endometrium in patients undergoing clomiphene citrate treatment
Takasaki, A., Tamura, H., Taketani, T., 嶋村, 勝., Morioka, H., & Sugino, N. (2013) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/1757-2215-6-94 · Cited by 22
“cantly thinner in women taking CC than women not taking CC [3-5].”
Background
Associate editor's commentary: The dawning of the non-cancer uses of aromatase inhibitors in gynaecology
de Ziegler, D. (2003) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deg310 · Cited by 22
Comparison of letrazole and clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovaries undergoing ovarian stimulation.
Sharief, M., & Nafee, N. R. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for improving endometrial receptivity in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review of the available evidence
Palomba, S., Costanzi, F., Caserta, D., & Vitagliano, A. (2024) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104381 · Cited by 22
Ovarian stimulation leads to shorter stature in childhood
Savage, T., Peek, J., Robinson, E. M., Green, M. P., Miles, H. L., Mouat, F., Hofman, P. L., & Cutfield, W. (2012) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/des249 · Cited by 20
“, 2001) and endometrial thickness (Nakamura et al., 1997), which may impact on embryonic development.”
Background
Poor Endometrial Proliferation After Clomiphene is Associated With Altered Estrogen Action
Bressler, L. H., Fritz, M. A., Wu, S., Yuan, L., Kafer, S., Wang, T., DeMayo, F. J., & Young, S. L. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab381 · Cited by 18
Clomiphene citrate does not affect the secretion of alpha3, alphaV and beta1 integrin molecules during the implantation window in patients with unexplained infertility
Laçin, S. (2001) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/16.11.2305 · Cited by 19
The effect of administering vaginal estrogen to clomiphene citrate stimulated cycles on endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates in unexplained infertility
Çetinkaya, K., & Kadanalı, S. (2012) · Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association · doi:10.5152/jtgga.2012.20 · Cited by 18
“Despite the anti-estrogenic effects of CC and its adverse effects, especially on ET and endometrial maturation, no significant difference has been found between natural cycles and those under CC regarding endometrial and subendometrial flow (11).”
Background
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy after clomiphene failure in polycystic ovary syndrome: is it worthwhile? A randomized controlled trial
Hashim, H. A., Foda, O., Ghayaty, E., & Elawa, A. (2011) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-011-1983-x · Cited by 18
Retracted
Endometrial Evaluation Is Not Predictive for In Vitro Fertilization Treatment
Csemiczky, G., Wramsby, H., JOHANNISSON, E., & Landgren, B.-M. (1999) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1022594729197 · Cited by 18
“thickening has been observed despite supraphysiological E2 levels (9,10).”
Background
A short narrative review of the feasibility of adopting mild ovarian stimulation for IVF as the current standard of care
Siristatidis, C. S., Trivella, M., Chrelias, C. G., Sioulas, V. D., Vrachnis, N., & Kassanos, D. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2347-x · Cited by 17
Use of fertility drugs and risk of endometrial cancer in an Italian case–control study
Parazzini, F., Pelucchi, C., Talamini, R., Montella, M., & Vecchia, C. L. (2010) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0b013e32833d9388 · Cited by 17
“, 2002) and have been shown to interact with uterine oestrogen receptors (Nakamura et al., 1997; Goldstein et al., 2000).”
Background
Use of Letrozole versus clomiphene-estradiol for treating infertile women with unexplained infertility not responding well to clomiphene alone, comparative study
Harira, M. M. (2018) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2018.05.008 · Cited by 15
Use of Clomiphene Citrate in minimal stimulation in vitro fertilization negatively impacts endometrial thickness: an argument for a freezeall approach
Reed, B. G., Wu, J., Nemer, L. B., Carr, B. R., & Bükülmez, O. (2018) · JBRA · doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20180070 · Cited by 15
“However, there are studies that have been performed on intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles that indicate CC may have a detrimental effect on the endometrial stripe (ES) thickness and pattern (Dehbashi et al., 2003; Haritha & Rajagopalan, 2003; Nakamura et al., 1997).”
Background
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Combined metformin and clomiphene citrate versus highly purified FSH for ovulation induction in clomiphene-resistant PCOS women: a randomised controlled trial
Hashim, H. A., Wafa, A. M., & Rakhawy, M. E. (2010) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2010.488771 · Cited by 15
Retracted
Long versus short course treatment with Metformin and Clomiphene Citrate for ovulation induction in women with PCOS
Sinawat, S., Buppasiri, P., Lumbiganon, P., & Pattanittum, P. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006226.pub2 · Cited by 14
Effects of initiation day of clomiphene citrate on the endometrium of women with regular menstrual cycles
Triwitayakorn, A., Suwajanakorn, S., Triratanachat, S., Sampatanukul, P., Pruksananonda, K., & Sereepapong, W. (2002) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03192-8 · Cited by 13
Clomiphene citrate down-regulates estrogen receptor-α through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in a human endometrial cancer cell line
Amita, M., Takahashi, T., Igarashi, H., & Nagase, S. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.029 · Cited by 12
“However, CC treatment significantly reduces the endometrial thickness in patients compared to non-CC treatment cycles (Nakamura et al., 1997, Brome , Aldad and Taylor, 2009, Peeraer, Debrock, De Loecker et al., 2015).”
Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocols Alter Endometrial Histomorphology and Gene Expression Profiles
Wu, J., Keller, P. W., Kanchwala, M., Xing, C., Babayev, S. N., Carr, B. R., Bükülmez, O., & Word, R. A. (2020) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-019-00093-6 · Cited by 12
Improving ovarian stimulation protocols for IVF in baboons: Lessons from humans and rhesus monkeys
Nyachieo, A., Spiessens, C., Mwenda, J. M., Debrock, S., & D’Hooghe, T. (2008) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.08.023 · Cited by 11
Development and validation of a pregnancy prediction model based on ultrasonographic features related to endometrial receptivity.
Shui, X., Yu, C., Li, J., & Jiao, Y. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 12
Thin endometrial stripe does not affect likelihood of achieving pregnancy in clomiphene citrate/intrauterine insemination cycles
Asante, A., Coddington, C. C., Schenck, L. A., & Stewart, E. A. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.035 · Cited by 12
Intrauterine insemination versus timed intercourse in ovulation induction cycles with clomiphene citrate for polycystic ovary syndrome: A retrospective cohort study
Atalay, E., Özakşit, M. G., Tokmak, A., & Üstün, Y. E. (2019) · Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.07.002 · Cited by 10
Effect of endometrial preparation protocols on the risk of ectopic pregnancy for frozen embryo transfer
Jwa, S. C., Takamura, M., Kuwahara, A., Kajihara, T., & Ishihara, O. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97044-6 · Cited by 10
Effect of clomiphene citrate on uterine hemodynamics in women with unexplained infertility
Omran, E., El-Sharkawy, M., El-Mazny, A. N., Hammam, M., Ramadan, W., Latif, D., Samir, D., & Sobh, S. M. (2018) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s155335 · Cited by 10
“The lower blood flow parameters in the endometrial and subendometrial regions in stimulated cycles can be due to the anti-estrogenic effect of clomiphene citrate.(20,21) In addition, some studies have suggested that the number of estrogen and progesterone receptors is lower in the endometrium of stimulated cycles when…”
A comparison between a combination of letrozole and clomiphene citrate versus gonadotropins for ovulation induction in infertile patients with clomiphene citrateresistant polycystic ovary syndrome — a retrospective study
Ege, S., Bademkıran, M. H., Peker, N., Tahaoğlu, A. E., Çaça, F. N., & OTCU, S. M. Ö. (2020) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.5603/gp.a2020.0037 · Cited by 10
“Letrozole and CC have different mechanisms of action; These different mechanisms of action of the two drugs may complement each other to increase ovulation rates as compared to those achieved with gonadotropin use alone [3, 8].”
Background
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Minimal stimulation or clomiphene citrate as first-line therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
Hashim, H. A., Bazeed, M. F., & Elaal, I. A. (2011) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2011.589924 · Cited by 10
Retracted
Effect of gonadotropins and endometrial thickness on pregnancy outcome in patients with unexplained infertility or polycystic ovarian syndrome undergoing intrauterine insemination
Li, Q., Zhu, M., Deng, Z., Wang, L., Huang, Y., Ruan, L., Shao-fei, H., & Wang, L. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520966538 · Cited by 9
Is letrozole superior to clomiphene for ovarian stimulation prior to intrauterine insemination?
Khanna, S. C., Kumar, A., Joy, S. G., Tanwar, R., Sharma, S. B., & Prasad, S. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2579-9 · Cited by 9
“However, it has disappointing results due to its peripheral antiestrogenic effects [5–8].”
Background
Pregnancy outcome following frozen embryo transfer after artificial cycle or treatment by clomiphene citrate
Jouan, C., Emonard, V., Ruggeri, P., Debelle, L., Hincourt, N., Lorquet, S., Dechenne, V., Lloret, C. G., Dubois, M., d'HAUTERIVE, S. P., et al. (2016) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2016.1177012 · Cited by 9
“However, this molecule is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator that inhibits estradiol-induced cellular-proliferation in the endometrium, resulting in reduced thickness in mid-luteal phase [10].”
Background
Ultrasound in Infertility Treatments
Klenov, V. E., & Voorhis, B. J. V. (2017) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000263 · Cited by 8
Effects of clomiphene citrate for prevention of premature luteinizing hormone surge in those undergoing intrauterine insemination outcome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Alborzi, M., Zarei, A., Alborzi, S., Askary, E., & Shahbazi, F. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology amp Research · doi:10.4103/japtr.japtr_293_18 · Cited by 8
“In addition, it is well established that premature LH surge is associated with poor oocyte quality and decreased fertilization and implantation rates.[26,27]”
Background

Authors: Nakamura, Y., Ono, M., Yoshida, Y., Sugino, N., Ueda, K., & Kato, H.
Affiliations: Yamaguchi University (JP)
ORCID: Nakamura, Yasuhiko
Sugino, Norihiro
Kato, Hiroshi
Venue: Fertility and Sterility
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-02
Volume: 67
Issue: 2
Pages: 256-260
ISSN: 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81907-3
OpenAlex: W2000023045
Cited by: 161
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 0.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 9246 d)
Locations: Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
Keywords: clomiphene citrate, endometrial thickness, endometrial echogenicity, endometrial receptivity, serum estradiol, ovulation induction, infertility, embryo implantation
MeSH terms: Adult, Clomiphene, Endometrium, Female, Humans, Receptors, Estradiol, Receptors, Progesterone, Reference Values, Ultrasonography

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Effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrial thickness and echogenic pattern of the endometrium

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