Laparoscopic surgical management of diaphragmatic endometriosis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical presentations of and management options for diaphragmatic endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Referral center. PATIENT(S): Twenty-four women with endometriosis of the diaphragm. INTERVENTION(S): Surgical management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic feasibility of operative laparoscopy. RESULT(S): Operative findings in 17 patients included 2-5 spots of endometriosis on the diaphragm measuring <1 cm. Seven women had numerous lesions scattered across the diaphragm. Lesions were bilateral in 8 patients, limited to the right hemidiaphragm in 14 patients, and limited to the left hemidiaphragm in 2 patients. In 7 patients, six endometriosis lesions were directly in the line of the left ventricle and three lesions were adjacent to the phrenic nerve. Endometriosis was infiltrating into the muscular layer of the diaphragm in 7 patients. The symptoms in all 7 symptomatic patients decreased significantly after treatment, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. No postoperative complications occurred. CONCLUSION(S): The abdominal diaphragm can be involved with endometriosis and can be diagnosed and treated effectively with the use of videolaparoscopy.
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Among women with endometriosis, 12% are estimated to experience extragenital endometriosis.
“Among this population, 12% are estimated to experience endometriosis of nonreproductive organs, referred to as extragenital endometriosis.2–7”
From Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome: A Review of Diagnosis and Management (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Isolated diaphragmatic endometriosis is typically asymptomatic but can result in irritation of the phrenic nerve, producing catamenial pain.
“Outside of the well-established clinical manifestations of TES, cases of isolated diaphragmatic endometriosis are typically asymptomatic but can result in irritation of the phrenic nerve. This can produce a syndrome of only catamenial pain, presenting as cyclic neck, shoulder, right upper quadrant, or epigastric pain.2,9,10,31,35–37”
From Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome: A Review of Diagnosis and Management (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
The finding of a 3:1 ratio in the pattern of lateral distribution of lesions argues against coelomic metaplasia.
“Despite this, the observation of equal proportions of endometriosis on the right and left diaphragmatic leafs would have rendered plausible this possibility of coelomic metaplasia, but the finding of a 3: 1 ratio in the pattern of lateral distribution of lesions [19] argues against it.”
The use of electrosurgery is hazardous when the lesions are located directly below the heart, because this may induce arrhythmias.
“Moreover, the use of electrosurgery is hazardous when the lesions are located directly below the heart, because this may induce arrhythmias [19].”
In a series of cases from Nezhat et al., full-thickness resection of the diaphragm and repair performed at laparotomy resulted in an improvement of symptoms in 100% of patients and a complete cure of symptoms in 88% of patients without postoperative medical therapy.
“In a series of cases from Nezhat et al. [19], full-thickness resection of the diaphragm and repair performed at laparotomy resulted in an improvement of symptoms in 100% of patients and a complete cure of symptoms in 88% of patients without postoperative medical therapy.”
Lesions on the diaphragm tend to be associated with more severe pelvic endometriosis.
“Lesions on the diaphragm tend to be associated with more severe pelvic endometriosis [ 21 , 45 , 68 , 70 ].”
From Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review and Multidisciplinary Approach to Management (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
The presence of severe pelvic endometriosis is often noted in thoracic endometriosis syndrome.
“The presence of severe pelvic endometriosis is often noted [ 17 , 23 , 45 , 68 , 70 ].”
From Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review and Multidisciplinary Approach to Management (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
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Regarding “Dual Compartment Surgery for Pulmonary Endometriosis”
Roman, R. A., Asiaii, A., Rambhatla, A., White, M., & Nezhat, F. R. (2020) · Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2020.04.043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMeucci, R., Garaci, F. G., Fiaschetti, V., Montesanto, F., Rufi, F., Laudazi, M., Ryan, C. P., Russo, C., & Manenti, G. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5595138/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Laparoscopic Management of Phrenic Endometriosis
Silveira, C. G. T., Agic, A., Kleemann, M., Merz, H., & Hornung, D. (2011) · Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders · doi:10.5301/je.2012.9069
Comprehensive video-assisted laparoscopic approach to treat genital and extragenital endometriosis
Paka, C., Buescher, E., & NEZHAT, C. R. (2012) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/eog.12.38
Self-citationPrise en charge laparoscopique de l'endométriose diaphragmatique
Zhu, C. R., Suen, M. W. H., Gilbert, S., & Singh, S. S. (2018) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2018.06.015
Genital and Extragenital Endometriosis: Video-Laparoscopic with Robotic Assistance
Vang, N., Vu, M., Paka, C., Parsa, M. A., Nezhat, A. A., NEZHAT, C. R., & Chavali, K. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53594-0_115
Self-citationAlifano, M., & Camilleri‐Broët, S. (2008) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Pneumologie · doi:10.1016/s1155-195x(08)47993-8
Literature update and MRI case collection of unusual localizations
Rosaria, M., Garaci, F. G., Fiaschetti, V., Montesanto, F., Rufi, F., Laudazi, M., Ryan, C. P., Russo, C., & Manenti, G. (2025) · Discover Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00429-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
NEZHAT, C. R., Nezhat, F. R., NEZHAT, C. R., Lakhi, N., & Nezhat, A. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561440.013
Self-citationStern, J. J., Francisco, F. A. F., Mango, A. L. D., Belém, L. C., Franco, I. P., de Souza, C. A., Raymundo, T. S., Oliveira, M. A. P., Chamié, L. P., & Salomão, A. C. C. B. (2026) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-026-05616-9
- Authors
- Nezhat, C., Seidman, D. S., Nezhat, F., & Nezhat, C.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1048-1055
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150992801
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- diaphragmatic endometriosis, laparoscopic surgery, phrenic nerve, diaphragm, surgical management, diagnostic accuracy, postoperative complications
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Diaphragm, Endometriosis, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Muscular Diseases, Laparoscopy, Retrospective Studies, Ultrasonography
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