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Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm
Open accessAbstract
Objective To compare World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm with the initial sperm quality necessary for successful IUI. Design Retrospective study. Setting Private fertility clinic. Patient(s) One thousand eight hundred forty-one couples undergoing 4,056 cycles of IUI. Intervention(s) Intrauterine insemination. Main outcome measure(s) Relation of initial sperm quality to fecundity. Result(s) Progressive motility and total motile sperm count were the initial sperm characteristics most closely related to pregnancy on discriminant analysis. The per-cycle pregnancy rate averaged 11.1% during the first three IUI cycles. Pregnancy rates were > or = 8.2% per cycle when the initial sperm values were a concentration of > or = 5 X 10(6)/mL, a total count of > or = 10 X 10(6), progressive motility of > or = 30%, or a total motile sperm count of > or = 5 x 10(6). Minimal increases in fecundity occurred when initial values were greater than these threshold levels. The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 x 10(6)/mL, a total count of 5 x 10(6). motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 X 10(6). Pregnancy rates were <3.6% when initial values were between the threshold levels and the lowest levels. Conclusion(s) The sperm quality that is necessary for successful IUI is lower than World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm. Intrauterine insemination is effective therapy for male factor infertility when initial sperm motility is > or = 30% and the total motile sperm count is > or = 5 X 10(6). When initial values are lower, IUI has little chance of success.
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TL;DR
In a retrospective private-clinic study of 4,056 IUI cycles, initial sperm progressive motility and total motile sperm count were most closely related to pregnancy, and successful IUI occurred at sperm quality below WHO normal thresholds. The authors propose IUI threshold values of ≥5 × 10⁶/mL concentration, ≥10 × 10⁶ total count, ≥30% progressive motility, and ≥5 × 10⁶ total motile sperm count.
Key findings
- Among 1,841 patients undergoing 4,056 first, second, or third IUI cycles, there were 449 pregnancies, for an average per-cycle pregnancy rate of 11.1%.
- Per-cycle pregnancy rates were ≥8.2% when initial values were concentration ≥5 × 10⁶/mL, total count ≥10 × 10⁶, progressive motility ≥30%, or total motile sperm count ≥5 × 10⁶.
- The lowest initial values resulting in pregnancy were concentration 2 × 10⁶/mL, total count 5 × 10⁶, motility 17%, and total motile sperm count 1.6 × 10⁶; pregnancy rates were <3.6% between these lowest values and the threshold levels.
- Swim-down processing yielded a 16% per-cycle pregnancy rate versus 11.7% for wash (P<.004), and no relation between sperm morphology and IUI outcome was found.
Methods
- Retrospective analysis of semen quality before and after processing for IUI from January 1983 to March 1998 at a private fertility clinic; analysis was limited to the first three IUI cycles.
- Patients were 1,841 couples (average female age 32.5 years) undergoing 4,056 cycles for WHO-defined male factor infertility or absence of motile sperm on postcoital tests; 255 cycles were spontaneous, and the rest used clomiphene citrate, hMG, or both.
- Main analyses used standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients to assess semen characteristics related to pregnancy, Pearson correlation for distribution checks, Fisher’s exact test for processing/insemination effects, and per-cycle pregnancy rates.
Limitations
- The authors state that in natural-cycle male fertility studies sperm quality at conception cannot be known, and that it rarely can be known with absolute certainty that conception did not result from prior intercourse or intercourse with a different partner.
- The study was retrospective and conducted in a single private fertility clinic; institutional review board approval was not obtained because all interventions were standard practice.
- Treatment methods changed over the 15-year study period (sperm wash to swim-down; split insemination, IUI, and tubal perfusion), and morphology criteria became stricter over time, though the authors report these factors were distributed evenly across sperm values or analyzed separately.
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Claims the paper makes
28 Own result · 8 Own interpretation · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 No basis given · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relation between sperm morphology and IUI outcome was found in the present study, whereas the WHO threshold for normal forms is 30%.”
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
“we analyzed the relation between normal morphology and pregnancy separately for the periods 1983-1985, 1986 -1995, and 1996 -1998, and still found no effect (rϽ.06).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > DISCUSSION
plainn = 1,841- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy rates were Ն8.2% per cycle when the initial sperm values were a concentration of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of Ն10 ϫ 10 6 , progressive motility of Ն30%, or a total motile sperm count of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When initial motility was Ͻ30%, the PR was 4.5% (2/44) after swim-down, compared with 1.7% (2/119) after wash, in IUI or tubal perfusion cycles (not statistically significant).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancies occurred when the initial sperm concentration was Ͻ2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, the initial total sperm count was Ͻ5.5 ϫ 10 6 , the initial progressive motility was Ͻ17%, the initial normal morphology was Ͻ6%, or the initial total motile sperm count was Ͻ1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Threshold and Lowest Values
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of 5 ϫ 10 6 , motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minimal increases in fecundity occurred when initial values were greater than these threshold levels.”
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
“When the initial sperm characteristics were above these threshold levels, the highest PRs did not exceed 12.9%.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancies occurred when the postprocessing total motile sperm count was Ͻ0.3 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The per-cycle PR was 16% for swim-down, compared with 11.7% for wash (PϽ.004), when insemination was performed by IUI or tubal perfusion (Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Effect of Sperm Processing Method · plain
“Wash 99/949 (10.4) 115/882 (13.0) 214/1,831 (11.7)Swim-down 45/373 (12.1)* 89/465 (19.1)* 134/833 (16.0)*”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect of Sperm Processing Method · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy rates were Ն8.2% per cycle when the initial sperm values were a concentration of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of Ն10 ϫ 10 6 , progressive motility of Ն30%, or a total motile sperm count of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of 5 ϫ 10 6 , motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The wash procedure did not change motility, but it caused a small decrease in the total motile sperm count, from 107 ϫ 10 6 to 74 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PR was 11.5% when the final wash specimen was inseminated by tubal perfusion, compared with 11.8% when the final wash specimen was inseminated by IUI.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Insemination Technique
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum PR with IUI was 12.9%, 50% higher than IUI threshold levels, but this was achieved only when the initial sperm concentration was 40 ϫ 10 6 /mL and the total sperm count was 80 ϫ 10 6 , double WHO threshold levels.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Threshold levels for the processed sperm specimens used for insemination were nearly the same as for the initial specimens, with the exceptions that the threshold for motility after swim-down was 50% and the threshold for total motile sperm count was 4 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PR was 11.8% per cycle when the entire postwash specimen was used for IUI, compared with 7.2% when the wash specimen was split between IUI and intracervical insemination, in spontaneous and CC-stimulated cycles (PϽ.0001), but not in hMG-stimulated or hMG and CCstimulated cycles (Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Split* 49/1,014 (4.8) † 50/354 (14.1) 99/1,368 (7.2) † IUI ‡ 70/640 (10.9) 68/528 (12.9) 138/1,168 (11.8)”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Insemination Technique
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was 1 pregnancy (5.3%) in 19 attempts after swim-down, compared with 2 pregnancies (4.2%) in 4 attempts after wash, when the total motile sperm count was Ͻ10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 15-year study period, there was no appreciable change in the initial sperm concentration (average, 75 ϫ 10 6 /mL), total sperm count (average, 203 ϫ 10 6 ), progres-sive motility (average, 49%), or total motile sperm count (average, 106 ϫ 10 6 ).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Swim-down resulted in an increase in motility from 52.7% to 84.5%, but a decrease in the total motile sperm count from 143 ϫ 10 6 to 41 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies (4 -11) reported IUI pregnancy rates (PRs) when initial sperm quality was above or below WHO-defined normal values, but only one study (12) attempted to define threshold values, and this was limited to a single characteristic.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] McGovern, 1989, Relationship of within patient semen variability to outcome of intrauterine insemination, Fertil Steril source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it rarely can be known with absolute certainty that conception did not occur as a result of a previous act of intercourse or intercourse with a different partner.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The threshold levels for initial semen quality found in the present study may be used to distinguish between those couples with male infertility factors who could become pregnant with IUI and, therefore, should undergo IUI before IVF, and those couples who should proceed directly to IVF, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or the use of donor sperm.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Pregnancies occurring in IUI cycles were the result of the IUI procedure rather than intercourse.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The type of medication used for ovulation induction, use of hCG, method of sperm preparation, insemination technique, and cycle of insemination were distributed evenly over the full range of sperm values (rϽ.12).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intrauterine insemination is effective therapy for male factor infertility when initial sperm motility is Ն30% and the total motile sperm count is Ն5 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Pregnancies occurring in IUI cycles were the result of the IUI procedure rather than intercourse.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the mucus factor was a primary reason for performing IUI in many patients, this suggests to us that hMG may act indirectly either to improve cervical mucus or to enhance sperm transport.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because sperm is concen-trated, introduced past the cervical mucus barrier, and may have immotile forms and impurities removed by processing, the initial quality necessary for achieving pregnancy may be lower for IUI than WHO threshold values.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Pregnancies occurring in IUI cycles were the result of the IUI procedure rather than intercourse.
“However, it rarely can be known with absolute certainty that conception did not occur as a result of a previous act of intercourse or intercourse with a different partner.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > FERTILITY & STERILITY
“To attain PRs of Ͼ8% per cycle, which we used as our threshold, sperm counts of 40 ϫ 10 6 /mL and total sperm counts of 80 ϫ 10 6 (double WHO threshold levels) were necessary.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
“Sperm concentration (ϫ10 6 /mL) Ͻ5 121 3 2.5 5-10 † 221 19 8.6 Ͻ.04 10-20 434 38 8.8 20-40 794 83 10.4 Ն40 2,486 306 12.3 Total sperm count (ϫ10 6 ) Ͻ10 102 1 1.0 10-20 † 183 15 8.2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“In 2,395 cycles (59%), initial semen quality was below one (n ϭ 1,329) or more (n ϭ 1,030) WHO threshold values”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Study Design
Reported 2395 · recomputed 2359
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“compared with 2 pregnancies (4.2%) in 4 attempts after wash”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
Reported 4.2 · recomputed 50
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“5-10 † 34 3 10.7”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
Reported 10.7 · recomputed 8.823529
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
“The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of 5 ϫ 10 6 , motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Threshold and Lowest Values
“No pregnancies occurred when the initial sperm concentration was Ͻ2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, the initial total sperm count was Ͻ5.5 ϫ 10 6”
Citations
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Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization
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Aitken, R. J., & Clarkson, J. S. (1988) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1988.tb01067.x · Cited by 784
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (1951) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)74358-3 · Cited by 275
Semen Analysis: Evidence for Changing Parameters of Male Fertility Potential
Nelson, C. M. K., & Bunge, R. G. (1974) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)40454-1 · Cited by 261
Male Fertility Potential in Terms of Semen Quality: A Review of the Past a Study of the Present
Wallach, E. E., Macleod, J., & Wang, Y. (1979) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)43808-2 · Cited by 244
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (2016) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.077 · Cited by 221
Comparison of techniques for selection of motile spermatozoa
Berger, T., Marrs, R. P., & Moyer, D. L. (1985) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48384-6 · Cited by 218
Relation Between Indices Of Semen Analysis And Pregnancy Rate In Infertile Couples
Smith, K. D., Rodriguez‐Rigau, L. J., & Steinberger, E. (1977) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42976-6 · Cited by 184
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Merviel, P., Heraud, M. H., Grenier, N., Lourdel, E., Sanguinet, P., & Copin, H. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.058 · Cited by 295
Letrozole, Gonadotropin, or Clomiphene for Unexplained Infertility
Diamond, M. P., Legro, R. S., Coutifaris, C., Alvero, R. J., Robinson, R. D., Casson, P. R., Christman, G. M., Ager, J. W., Huang, H., Hansen, K. R., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414827 · Cited by 285
Voorhis, B. J. V., Barnett, M. J., Sparks, A. E., Syrop, C. H., Rosenthal, G. E., & Dawson, J. D. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01783-0 · Cited by 252
Marca, A. L., Malmusi, S., Giulini, S., et al. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh508 · Cited by 191
“patients with male factor infertility if the total motile sperm count was $5 £ 10(6)/ml (Dickey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodRanjbari, S., Khatibi, T., Vosough, A., Sajadi, H., Totonchi, M., & Ghaffari, F. (2021) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01362-0 · Cited by 186
Metadata
- Authors
- Dickey, R. P., Pyrzak, R., Lu, P. Y., Taylor, S. N., & Rye, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 684-689
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076818515
- Semantic Scholar
- bb0d3297a10ff7a187d082f63d62d8e7a84a6ece
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Male Reproductive Health Studies
- Keywords
- intrauterine insemination, semen quality, progressive motility, total motile sperm count, sperm concentration, fecundity, pregnancy rate, male factor infertility, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Infertility, Male, Insemination, Artificial, Homologous, Male, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Specimen Handling, Sperm Count, Sperm Motility, Spermatozoa, World Health Organization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-26, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-26 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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