The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 8 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm
Open accessAbstract
Objective To compare World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm with the initial sperm quality necessary for successful IUI. Design Retrospective study. Setting Private fertility clinic. Patient(s) One thousand eight hundred forty-one couples undergoing 4,056 cycles of IUI. Intervention(s) Intrauterine insemination. Main outcome measure(s) Relation of initial sperm quality to fecundity. Result(s) Progressive motility and total motile sperm count were the initial sperm characteristics most closely related to pregnancy on discriminant analysis. The per-cycle pregnancy rate averaged 11.1% during the first three IUI cycles. Pregnancy rates were > or = 8.2% per cycle when the initial sperm values were a concentration of > or = 5 X 10(6)/mL, a total count of > or = 10 X 10(6), progressive motility of > or = 30%, or a total motile sperm count of > or = 5 x 10(6). Minimal increases in fecundity occurred when initial values were greater than these threshold levels. The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 x 10(6)/mL, a total count of 5 x 10(6). motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 X 10(6). Pregnancy rates were <3.6% when initial values were between the threshold levels and the lowest levels. Conclusion(s) The sperm quality that is necessary for successful IUI is lower than World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm. Intrauterine insemination is effective therapy for male factor infertility when initial sperm motility is > or = 30% and the total motile sperm count is > or = 5 X 10(6). When initial values are lower, IUI has little chance of success.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a retrospective private-clinic study of 4,056 IUI cycles, initial sperm progressive motility and total motile sperm count were most closely related to pregnancy, and successful IUI occurred at sperm quality below WHO normal thresholds. The authors propose IUI threshold values of ≥5 × 10⁶/mL concentration, ≥10 × 10⁶ total count, ≥30% progressive motility, and ≥5 × 10⁶ total motile sperm count.
Key findings
- Among 1,841 patients undergoing 4,056 first, second, or third IUI cycles, there were 449 pregnancies, for an average per-cycle pregnancy rate of 11.1%.
- Per-cycle pregnancy rates were ≥8.2% when initial values were concentration ≥5 × 10⁶/mL, total count ≥10 × 10⁶, progressive motility ≥30%, or total motile sperm count ≥5 × 10⁶.
- The lowest initial values resulting in pregnancy were concentration 2 × 10⁶/mL, total count 5 × 10⁶, motility 17%, and total motile sperm count 1.6 × 10⁶; pregnancy rates were <3.6% between these lowest values and the threshold levels.
- Swim-down processing yielded a 16% per-cycle pregnancy rate versus 11.7% for wash (P<.004), and no relation between sperm morphology and IUI outcome was found.
Methods
- Retrospective analysis of semen quality before and after processing for IUI from January 1983 to March 1998 at a private fertility clinic; analysis was limited to the first three IUI cycles.
- Patients were 1,841 couples (average female age 32.5 years) undergoing 4,056 cycles for WHO-defined male factor infertility or absence of motile sperm on postcoital tests; 255 cycles were spontaneous, and the rest used clomiphene citrate, hMG, or both.
- Main analyses used standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients to assess semen characteristics related to pregnancy, Pearson correlation for distribution checks, Fisher’s exact test for processing/insemination effects, and per-cycle pregnancy rates.
Limitations
- The authors state that in natural-cycle male fertility studies sperm quality at conception cannot be known, and that it rarely can be known with absolute certainty that conception did not result from prior intercourse or intercourse with a different partner.
- The study was retrospective and conducted in a single private fertility clinic; institutional review board approval was not obtained because all interventions were standard practice.
- Treatment methods changed over the 15-year study period (sperm wash to swim-down; split insemination, IUI, and tubal perfusion), and morphology criteria became stricter over time, though the authors report these factors were distributed evenly across sperm values or analyzed separately.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
28 Own result · 8 Own interpretation · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 No basis given · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No relation between sperm morphology and IUI outcome was found in the present study, whereas the WHO threshold for normal forms is 30%.”
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
“we analyzed the relation between normal morphology and pregnancy separately for the periods 1983-1985, 1986 -1995, and 1996 -1998, and still found no effect (rϽ.06).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > DISCUSSION
plainn = 1,841- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy rates were Ն8.2% per cycle when the initial sperm values were a concentration of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of Ն10 ϫ 10 6 , progressive motility of Ն30%, or a total motile sperm count of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When initial motility was Ͻ30%, the PR was 4.5% (2/44) after swim-down, compared with 1.7% (2/119) after wash, in IUI or tubal perfusion cycles (not statistically significant).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancies occurred when the initial sperm concentration was Ͻ2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, the initial total sperm count was Ͻ5.5 ϫ 10 6 , the initial progressive motility was Ͻ17%, the initial normal morphology was Ͻ6%, or the initial total motile sperm count was Ͻ1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Threshold and Lowest Values
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of 5 ϫ 10 6 , motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minimal increases in fecundity occurred when initial values were greater than these threshold levels.”
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
“When the initial sperm characteristics were above these threshold levels, the highest PRs did not exceed 12.9%.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Threshold and Lowest Values · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No pregnancies occurred when the postprocessing total motile sperm count was Ͻ0.3 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The per-cycle PR was 16% for swim-down, compared with 11.7% for wash (PϽ.004), when insemination was performed by IUI or tubal perfusion (Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Effect of Sperm Processing Method · plain
“Wash 99/949 (10.4) 115/882 (13.0) 214/1,831 (11.7)Swim-down 45/373 (12.1)* 89/465 (19.1)* 134/833 (16.0)*”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect of Sperm Processing Method · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy rates were Ն8.2% per cycle when the initial sperm values were a concentration of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of Ն10 ϫ 10 6 , progressive motility of Ն30%, or a total motile sperm count of Ն5 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of 5 ϫ 10 6 , motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The wash procedure did not change motility, but it caused a small decrease in the total motile sperm count, from 107 ϫ 10 6 to 74 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PR was 11.5% when the final wash specimen was inseminated by tubal perfusion, compared with 11.8% when the final wash specimen was inseminated by IUI.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Insemination Technique
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum PR with IUI was 12.9%, 50% higher than IUI threshold levels, but this was achieved only when the initial sperm concentration was 40 ϫ 10 6 /mL and the total sperm count was 80 ϫ 10 6 , double WHO threshold levels.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Threshold levels for the processed sperm specimens used for insemination were nearly the same as for the initial specimens, with the exceptions that the threshold for motility after swim-down was 50% and the threshold for total motile sperm count was 4 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PR was 11.8% per cycle when the entire postwash specimen was used for IUI, compared with 7.2% when the wash specimen was split between IUI and intracervical insemination, in spontaneous and CC-stimulated cycles (PϽ.0001), but not in hMG-stimulated or hMG and CCstimulated cycles (Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Split* 49/1,014 (4.8) † 50/354 (14.1) 99/1,368 (7.2) † IUI ‡ 70/640 (10.9) 68/528 (12.9) 138/1,168 (11.8)”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Insemination Technique
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was 1 pregnancy (5.3%) in 19 attempts after swim-down, compared with 2 pregnancies (4.2%) in 4 attempts after wash, when the total motile sperm count was Ͻ10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 15-year study period, there was no appreciable change in the initial sperm concentration (average, 75 ϫ 10 6 /mL), total sperm count (average, 203 ϫ 10 6 ), progres-sive motility (average, 49%), or total motile sperm count (average, 106 ϫ 10 6 ).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Swim-down resulted in an increase in motility from 52.7% to 84.5%, but a decrease in the total motile sperm count from 143 ϫ 10 6 to 41 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies (4 -11) reported IUI pregnancy rates (PRs) when initial sperm quality was above or below WHO-defined normal values, but only one study (12) attempted to define threshold values, and this was limited to a single characteristic.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] McGovern, 1989, Relationship of within patient semen variability to outcome of intrauterine insemination, Fertil Steril source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it rarely can be known with absolute certainty that conception did not occur as a result of a previous act of intercourse or intercourse with a different partner.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The threshold levels for initial semen quality found in the present study may be used to distinguish between those couples with male infertility factors who could become pregnant with IUI and, therefore, should undergo IUI before IVF, and those couples who should proceed directly to IVF, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or the use of donor sperm.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Pregnancies occurring in IUI cycles were the result of the IUI procedure rather than intercourse.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The type of medication used for ovulation induction, use of hCG, method of sperm preparation, insemination technique, and cycle of insemination were distributed evenly over the full range of sperm values (rϽ.12).”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intrauterine insemination is effective therapy for male factor infertility when initial sperm motility is Ն30% and the total motile sperm count is Ն5 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Pregnancies occurring in IUI cycles were the result of the IUI procedure rather than intercourse.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the mucus factor was a primary reason for performing IUI in many patients, this suggests to us that hMG may act indirectly either to improve cervical mucus or to enhance sperm transport.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > FERTILITY & STERILITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because sperm is concen-trated, introduced past the cervical mucus barrier, and may have immotile forms and impurities removed by processing, the initial quality necessary for achieving pregnancy may be lower for IUI than WHO threshold values.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Pregnancies occurring in IUI cycles were the result of the IUI procedure rather than intercourse.
“However, it rarely can be known with absolute certainty that conception did not occur as a result of a previous act of intercourse or intercourse with a different partner.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > FERTILITY & STERILITY
“To attain PRs of Ͼ8% per cycle, which we used as our threshold, sperm counts of 40 ϫ 10 6 /mL and total sperm counts of 80 ϫ 10 6 (double WHO threshold levels) were necessary.”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
“Sperm concentration (ϫ10 6 /mL) Ͻ5 121 3 2.5 5-10 † 221 19 8.6 Ͻ.04 10-20 434 38 8.8 20-40 794 83 10.4 Ն40 2,486 306 12.3 Total sperm count (ϫ10 6 ) Ͻ10 102 1 1.0 10-20 † 183 15 8.2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“In 2,395 cycles (59%), initial semen quality was below one (n ϭ 1,329) or more (n ϭ 1,030) WHO threshold values”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Study Design
Reported 2395 · recomputed 2359
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“compared with 2 pregnancies (4.2%) in 4 attempts after wash”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
Reported 4.2 · recomputed 50
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“5-10 † 34 3 10.7”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Effect of Sperm Processing Method
Reported 10.7 · recomputed 8.823529
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Abstract
“The lowest initial values that resulted in pregnancy were a concentration of 2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, a total count of 5 ϫ 10 6 , motility of 17%, and a total motile sperm count of 1.6 ϫ 10 6 .”
§ Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with World Health Organization threshold values for normal sperm > Threshold and Lowest Values
“No pregnancies occurred when the initial sperm concentration was Ͻ2 ϫ 10 6 /mL, the initial total sperm count was Ͻ5.5 ϫ 10 6”
Citations
Cites
Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and semen-cervical mucus interaction.
Ma, B., Moghissi, K. S., ELIASSON, R., Ca, P., Aj, G., & Mr, P. (1980) · Cited by 2,209
Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization
Kruger, T. F., Menkveld, R., Stander, F. S. H., Lombard, C. J., Van der Merwe, J. P., van Zyl, J. A., & Smith, K. (1986) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)49891-2 · Cited by 1,208
Aitken, R. J., & Clarkson, J. S. (1988) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1988.tb01067.x · Cited by 784
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (1951) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)74358-3 · Cited by 275
Semen Analysis: Evidence for Changing Parameters of Male Fertility Potential
Nelson, C. M. K., & Bunge, R. G. (1974) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)40454-1 · Cited by 261
Male Fertility Potential in Terms of Semen Quality: A Review of the Past a Study of the Present
Wallach, E. E., Macleod, J., & Wang, Y. (1979) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)43808-2 · Cited by 244
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (2016) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.077 · Cited by 221
Comparison of techniques for selection of motile spermatozoa
Berger, T., Marrs, R. P., & Moyer, D. L. (1985) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48384-6 · Cited by 218
Relation Between Indices Of Semen Analysis And Pregnancy Rate In Infertile Couples
Smith, K. D., Rodriguez‐Rigau, L. J., & Steinberger, E. (1977) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42976-6 · Cited by 184
Kerin, J. F., Peek, J., Warnes, G. M., Kirby, C. A., Jeffrey, R., Matthews, C. D., & Cox, L. W. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90932-2 · Cited by 167
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- van Zyl JA, Menkveld R, Kotze TJ, Van Niekerk WA. The importance of spermiograms that meet the requirements of international standards and the most important factors that influence semen parameters. Proceedings of the 17th Congress of the International Urological Society, Vol. 20; Paris. 1976:263.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Merviel, P., Heraud, M. H., Grenier, N., Lourdel, E., Sanguinet, P., & Copin, H. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.058 · Cited by 295
Letrozole, Gonadotropin, or Clomiphene for Unexplained Infertility
Diamond, M. P., Legro, R. S., Coutifaris, C., Alvero, R. J., Robinson, R. D., Casson, P. R., Christman, G. M., Ager, J. W., Huang, H., Hansen, K. R., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414827 · Cited by 285
Voorhis, B. J. V., Barnett, M. J., Sparks, A. E., Syrop, C. H., Rosenthal, G. E., & Dawson, J. D. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01783-0 · Cited by 252
Marca, A. L., Malmusi, S., Giulini, S., et al. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh508 · Cited by 191
“patients with male factor infertility if the total motile sperm count was $5 £ 10(6)/ml (Dickey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodRanjbari, S., Khatibi, T., Vosough, A., Sajadi, H., Totonchi, M., & Ghaffari, F. (2021) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01362-0 · Cited by 186
Semen quality and prediction of IUI success in male subfertility: a systematic review
Ombelet, W. U. A. M., Dhont, N., Thijssen, A., Bosmans, E., & Kruger, T. F. (2013) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.10.023 · Cited by 179
Measuring apoptosis in human spermatozoa: a biological assay for semen quality?
Oosterhuis, G., Mulder, A. B., Kalsbeek-Batenburg, E., Lambalk, C. B., Schoemaker, J., & Vermes, I. (2000) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00623-3 · Cited by 163
Dickey, R. P., Taylor, S. N., Lu, P. Y., Sartor, B. M., Rye, P. H., & Pyrzak, R. (2002) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04212-7 · Cited by 149
Self-citationBelloc, S., Cohen-Bacrie, P., Benkhalifa, M., Cohen-Bacrie, M., de Mouzon, J., Hazout, A., & Ménézo, Y. (2008) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60223-4 · Cited by 138
“Semen quality, in terms of World Health Organization parameters, has an obvious impact on IUI outcome, as classically observed (Dickey et al., 1999; Badawy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSemen quality and intrauterine insemination
Ombelet, W., Deblaere, K., Bosmans, E., Cox, A., Jacobs, P., Janssen, M., & Nijs, M. (2003) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61894-9 · Cited by 133
“Total sperm motility before sperm preparation was mentioned four times with a cut-off level between 30 and 50% (Ombelet et al., 1996; Dickey et al., 1999; Montanaro et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2002).”
BackgroundWainer, R. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh390 · Cited by 131
“2063 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-abstract/19/9/2060/782317 by guest on 30 July 2018 (Matorras et al., 1995; Karabinus and Gelety, 1997; Dickey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLee, T., Liu, C.-H., Shih, Y.-T., et al. (2010) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deq009 · Cited by 124
“Furthermore, the increase in sperm quality parameters above a minimal threshold of sperm concentration (5 10(6)/ml) and motility (30%) is not associated with a corresponding increase in the likelihood of pregnancy by IUI (Dickey et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialIntra-uterine insemination for male subfertility
Bensdorp, A. J., Cohlen, B., Heineman, M. J., & Vandekerckhove, P. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000360.pub3 · Cited by 114
Bouloux, P.-M. G., Nieschlag, E., Burger, H., Skakkebæk, N. E., Wu, F. C. W., Handelsman, D. J., Baker, G., Ochsenkuehn, R., Syska, A., McLachlan, R. I., et al. (2003) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02712.x · Cited by 107
Outcomes From Assisted Reproductive Technology
Voorhis, B. J. V. (2006) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000194207.06554.5b · Cited by 101
Dickey, R. P., Taylor, S. N., Lu, P. Y., Sartor, B. M., Rye, P. H., & Pyrzak, R. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01631-9 · Cited by 98
Self-citationDickey, R. P., Taylor, S. N., Lu, P. Y., Sartor, B. M., Rye, P. H., & Pyrzak, R. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.10.030 · Cited by 94
Self-citationBenoff, S. H., Auborn, K. J., Marmar, J. L., & Hurley, I. R. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.035 · Cited by 90
Endometrial thickness and pregnancy outcome after intrauterine insemination
Esmaeilzadeh, S., & Faramarzi, M. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.010 · Cited by 84
Auger, J., Sermondade, N., & Eustache, F. (2016) · Basic and Clinical Andrology · doi:10.1186/s12610-016-0031-x · Cited by 84
“Beyond discussion about minimal NMSPS required for ART [36, 37], when evaluating the theoretical use of those straws, decreased NMSPS in cancer patients leads to a less frequent use of IUI and a more frequent use of IVF with or without ICSI, regardless of the female fertility check-up or the number of available straws.”
Liu, C.-H., Tsao, H., Cheng, T., Wu, H., Huang, C., Chen, C.-I., Lin, D. P., & Lee, M. (2004) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:jarg.0000029495.22787.83 · Cited by 79
“For example, it is shown that no difference could be concluded among parameters of spermatozoa concentration and motility in relation to the outcome of pregnancy, if the parameters of sperm were above certain minimum levels (31, 32 ).”
BackgroundPredictive factors for intrauterine insemination outcomes: a review
Starosta, A., Gordon, C. E., & Hornstein, M. D. (2020) · Fertility Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40738-020-00092-1 · Cited by 71
“ples with TMC < 10 million [7] while two retrospective studies of 4,056 [8] and 2,062 [9] natural and OI/IUI cycles, respectively, showed a lower threshold of 5 million.”
BackgroundHelli, B., Kavianpour, M., Ghaedi, E., Dadfar, M., & Haghighian, H. K. (2020) · Human Fertility · doi:10.1080/14647273.2020.1824080 · Cited by 71
“According to the WHO, the lower limit of normal sperm motility is 32% of progressively motile sperm and 40% of total motile sperm (Dickey et al., 1999).”
RetractedKamath, M. S., Chittawar, P. B., Aleyamma, T. K., Nair, R., Chandy, A., Mangalaraj, A. M., Muthukumar, K., & George, K. (2010) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/0974-1208.74154 · Cited by 65
“[4,5] Generally, four cycles of COH/IUI are recommended depending on the female age prior to moving on to assisted reproductive technology (ART)- in vitro fertilization (IVF).”
Impact of Semen Characteristics on the Success of Intrauterine Insemination
Zhao, Y., Vlahos, N., Wyncott, D., Petrella, C., García, J. E., Zacur, H. A., & Wallach, E. E. (2004) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:jarg.0000031246.76666.f6 · Cited by 63
“Although the World Health Organization’s (WHO) reference values for semen analysis are often used to assess sperm quality, more often than not successful pregnancies with IUI have been achieved in subfertile couples with sperm parameters below reference values listed in the WHO manual (3, 4 ).”
MethodOry, J., Tradewell, M. B., Blankstein, U., Lima, T. F. N., Nackeeran, S., Gonzalez, D. C., Nwefo, E., Moryousef, J., Madhusoodanan, V., Lau, S. A., et al. (2022) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.210159 · Cited by 71
“Men were pre-sorted into categories based on sperm concentration levels that have been used previously to determine which forms of ART are available to couples: 1–5 million (IVF), 5–15 million (IUI), and >15 million (natural conception) [21,22].”
MethodAssisted reproductive technologies for male subfertility
Cissen, M., Bensdorp, A. J., Cohlen, B. J., Repping, S., de Bruin, J. P., & van Wely, M. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000360.pub5 · Cited by 65
Preoperative semen analysis as a predictor of seminal improvement following varicocelectomy
Matkov, T. G., Zenni, M. K., Sandlow, J. I., et al. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01644-7 · Cited by 62
Management Strategies for Male Factor Infertility
Haidl, G. (2002) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200262120-00004 · Cited by 58
“In this situation, pregnancy rates of 15% per cycle have been observed.[60,61] IUI can”
BackgroundThe Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Traditional Semen Parameters
Tomlinson, M. J., Kessopoulou, E., & Barratt, C. L. R. (1999) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1999.tb02559.x · Cited by 57
Clinical experience with flow cytometric separation of human X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm
Fugger, E. F. (1999) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/s0093-691x(99)00228-9 · Cited by 57
Loskutoff, N. M., Huyser, C., Singh, R., et al. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.03.082 · Cited by 55
Effect of semen characteristics on pregnancy rate following intrauterine insemination
Dorjpurev, U., Kuwahara, A., Yano, Y., Taniguchi, T., Yamamoto, Y., Suto, A., Tanaka, Y., Matsuzaki, T., Yasui, T., & Irahara, M. (2011) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.58.127 · Cited by 51
Learning Something From Nothing: The Critical Importance of Rethinking Microbial Non-detects
Chik, A. H. S., Schmidt, P. J., & Emelko, M. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02304 · Cited by 52
“These estimates are required for decision making, during which they are typically evaluated against concentration-based criteria or targets (Dickey et al., 1999; Lund et al., 2000; Havelaar et al., 2001; Gerba and Rose, 2003; Gracias and McKillip, 2004; Koepke et al., 2007; Schijven and de Roda Husman, 2011; Davis, 20…”
BackgroundAbdelkader, A. M., & Yeh, J. (2009) · Obstetrics and Gynecology International · doi:10.1155/2009/584837 · Cited by 46
“Briefly, in these studies, total motile sperm of 30–50% before sperm preparation was found to be associated with positive IUI outcomes [54, 56, 57].”
BackgroundThijssen, A., Creemers, A., Van der Elst, W., Creemers, E., Vandormael, E., Dhont, N., & Ombelet, W. (2017) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.01.016 · Cited by 45
Alborzi, S., Motazedian, S., Parsanezhad, M. E., et al. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00980-4 · Cited by 45
Intra-uterine insemination for male subfertility
Bensdorp, A. J., Cohlen, B. J., Heineman, M. J., & Vanderkerchove, P. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000360.pub4 · Cited by 44
Vjugina, U., Zhu, X., Oh, E., Bracero, N. J., & Evans, J. P. (2009) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.075275 · Cited by 39
Sperm swim-up: a simple and effective technique of semen processing for intrauterine insemination.
Jameel, T. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Seminal lead concentrations negatively affect outcomes of artificial insemination
Benoff, S. H., Hurley, I. R., Millan, C., et al. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00981-6 · Cited by 33
Ola, B. (2003) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deg209 · Cited by 33
Prewash total motile count is a poor predictor of live birth in intrauterine insemination cycles
Mankus, E. B., Holden, A. E. C., Seeker, P., Kampschmidt, J. C., McLaughlin, J. E., Schenken, R. S., & Knudtson, J. F. (2019) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.12.025 · Cited by 33
“Recent studies have shown a significant increase in clinical pregnancy rates when TMC was >5 million (8, 16, 17).”
BackgroundCost-effectiveness of assisted conception for male subfertility
Moolenaar, L. M., Cissen, M., de Bruin, J. P., Hompes, P. G. A., Repping, S., van der Veen, F., & Mol, B. W. (2015) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.02.006 · Cited by 31
“Most studies showed pregnancy probabilities of IUI-COH with clomiphene citrate (CC) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (Voorhis et al., 2001; Cohlen et al., 1998; Dickey et al., 1999; Dorjpurev et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2004; Campana et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDong, F. L., Sun, Y., Su, Y., Guo, Y., Hu, L., & Wang, F. (2011) · Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.3109/19396368.2011.603792 · Cited by 30
“Others have argued that a PTMS of 10 × 10(6) can achieve a better pregnancy rate [Dickey et al. 1999; Horvath et al. 1989; Van Voorhis et al. 2001].”
BackgroundTonguc, E. A., Var, T., Önalan, G., Altınbaş, S., Tokmak, A., Karakas, N., & Gülerman, C. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.08.030 · Cited by 29
EFFECTS OF SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS ON IUI COMBINED WITH MILD OVARIAN STIMULATION
Yaltı, S., GÜRBÜZ, B., Sezer, H. D., et al. (2004) · Archives of Andrology · doi:10.1080/01485010490448435 · Cited by 29
“The exact TMS cutoff line for defining severe male factor has varied from study to study, but threshold values of 5 million and 10 million have been reported in recent studies [3, 5].”
BackgroundAssessment of gonadotropin therapy in male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Ishikawa, T., Ooba, T., Kondo, Y., Yamaguchi, K., & Fujisawa, M. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.022 · Cited by 29
Erdem, M., Erdem, A., Mutlu, M. F., Ozisik, S., Yildiz, S., Guler, I., & Karakaya, C. (2016) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.12.014 · Cited by 27
Aydın, Y., Hassa, H., Öge, T., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.07.022 · Cited by 26
IUI in male subfertility: are we able to select the proper patients?
van Weert, J.-M., Repping, S., van der Steeg, J. W., Steures, P., van der Veen, F., & Mol, B. W. (2005) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61172-8 · Cited by 26
Fertility treatment in spinal cord injury and other neurologic disease.
Trofimenko, V., & Hotaling, J. M. (2016) · PubMed · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.10 · Cited by 24
“3% if the TMSC was 5 to 10×10(6) per mL (91).”
Allamaneni, S. S. R., Bandaranayake, I., & Agarwal, A. K. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.113 · Cited by 23
Ombelet, W. U. A. M., Campo, R., Bosmans, E., & Nijs, M. (2008) · ESHRE Monographs · doi:10.1093/humrep/den165 · Cited by 23
“For total sperm motility before sperm preparation, cut-off levels vary between 30% and 50% (Ombelet et al., 1996; Dickey et al., 1999; Montanaro et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2002).”
BackgroundNaelitz, B. D., Jiang, T., Muñoz-López, C., Sigalos, J. T., Modiri, N., Cannarella, R., Mills, J. N., Parekh, N. V., Nowacki, A. S., Vij, S. C., et al. (2023) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.06.032 · Cited by 21
Cao, S., Zhao, C. L., Zhang, J., Wu, X., Zhou, L., Guo, X., Shen, R., & Ling, X. (2013) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12109 · Cited by 22
“Similarly, Horvath et al. (1989), Dickey et al. (1999) and Van Voorhis et al. (2001) reported that higher PRs were achieved after IUI when more than 10 9 106 ml 1 motile spermatozoa were inseminated.”
BackgroundSmith, J. P., Baker, S. E., Agbo, C., & Dahan, M. H. (2014) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.12.007 · Cited by 21
Dickey, R. P., Taylor, S. N., Lu, P. Y., et al. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.07.031 · Cited by 21
Self-citationDoes Catheter Type Effect Pregnancy Rate in Intrauterine Insemination Cycles?
Smith, K. L., Grow, D. R., Wiczyk, H. P., O’Shea, D. L., & Arny, M. (2002) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1014414128905 · Cited by 21
Lee, V. M. S., Wong, J. S. Y., Loh, S. K. E., et al. (2002) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/s1470-0328(02)01034-0 · Cited by 21
The use of intrauterine insemination in Australia and New Zealand
Miskry, T. S. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.4.956 · Cited by 21
“In order to reproduce these results it has been reported that initial sperm concentration should be at least 5 106/ml (Dickey et al., 1999), while following semen preparation at least 1 106 motile sperm should be available for insemination (Berg et al., 1997; Goverde et al., 2000), which is less…”
BackgroundCabry‐Goubet, R., Scheffler, F., Belhadri-Mansouri, N., Belloc, S., Lourdel, E., Devaux, A., Chahine, H., de Mouzon, J., Copin, H., & Benkhalifa, M. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/3512784 · Cited by 19
“This findingwas confirmed by two studies [9, 10] while others determined a higher threshold of TMS at 2 × 10(6) [68]; 3 × 10(6) [62, 76]; 5 × 10(6) [11, 77]; 10× 10(6) [63, 78].”
ResultPrognostic factors for pregnancy after intrauterine insemination
Ejzenberg, D., Gomes, T. J. D. O., Monteleone, P. A. A., Serafini, P. C., Soares, J. M., & Baracat, E. C. (2019) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.12898 · Cited by 18
Park, S. J., Alvarez, J. R., Weiss, G., et al. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.037 · Cited by 18
Prognostic factors influencing pregnancy rate after stimulated intrauterine insemination.
Tay, P. Y. S., Raj, V., Kulenthran, A., et al. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Is your andrology service up to scratch?
Tomlinson, M. J. (2010) · Human Fertility · doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.535089 · Cited by 17
“…IUI, IVF or ICSI on the results of a sperm migration test (swim up) or a trial density gradient preparation but often with different diagnostic thresholds (Francavilla et al., 1990; Berg et al., 1997, Dickey et al., 1999) and again, criteria are often adopted from others without proper validation.”
BackgroundMekhaimar, A., Goble, M., Brunckhorst, O., Alnajjar, H. M., Ralph, D. J., Muneer, A., & Ahmed, K. (2020) · Urology Research and Practice · doi:10.5152/tud.2020.20228 · Cited by 19
“Conversion from IVF to IUI IUI is often offered to patients with a total motile sperm count (TMC) greater than 5×106.[42] The possibility of converting from IVF to IUI was assessed in six studies.”
Insémination intra-utérine : état des lieux chez l’humain
Royère, D. (2004) · Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité · doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2004.08.015 · Cited by 17
Fertility outcomes after electroejaculation in men with spinal cord injury
Kolettis, P. N., Lambert, M. C., Hammond, K. R., et al. (2002) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03214-4 · Cited by 17
Valeur prédictive de l’hormone antimüllérienne sur les issues des inséminations intra-utérines
Lamazou, F., Fuchs, F., Genro, V. K., et al. (2011) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.08.005 · Cited by 15
Detection of a Short CCR5 Messenger RNA Isoform in Human Spermatozoa
Januchowski, R., Bręborowicz, A., Ofori, H., et al. (2004) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02852.x · Cited by 15
“Human ejaculates were obtained from 13 healthy volunteers of proven fertility, and normal semen quality as assessed by World Health Organization (1999) criteria (Dickey et al, 1999).”
MethodRepeated pulses of ultrasound maintain sperm motility
Vafaie, A., Shahali, S., Raveshi, M. R., et al. (2024) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d4lc00826j · Cited by 14
Berker, B., Şükür, Y. E., Kahraman, K., et al. (2012) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2012.07.004 · Cited by 14
Zhang, E., Tao, X., Xing, W., Cai, L., & Zhang, B. (2014) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2014.26.321-323 · Cited by 14
Inaudi, P. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.5.1288 · Cited by 14
Bedaiwy, M. A., Sharma, R. K., Al-Hussaini, T. K., Mohamed, M. S., Aleem, A. M. A., Nelson, D. R., Thomas, A. J., Jr., & Agarwal, A. K. (2003) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02682.x · Cited by 14
“In larger studies, pregnancy rates determined for couples with male-factor infertility were between 8% and 10% (Dickey et al, 1999; Stone et al, 1999).”
BackgroundHaim, D., Leniaud, L., Porcher, R., et al. (2009) · Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité · doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.09.024 · Cited by 12
“Concernant la mobilité, tel que défini par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) [7], certains auteurs ont retrouvé un impact significatif de la mobilité totale « a + b » du sperme entier [8,9], de la mobilité totale « a + b + c » du sperme entier [10–12] ou encore de la mobilité totale « a + b » du sperme après p…”
Bedeutung der Insemination in der Zeit von IVF und ICSI*
Katzorke, T., & Kolodziej, F. B. (2010) · Der Urologe · doi:10.1007/s00120-009-2219-6 · Cited by 11
Angell, N. F., Moustafa, H. F., Rizk, B., Nawar, M. G., Rizk, C. B., Huff, C., Kennedy, R., Holland, S. B., Hazelton, J. M., García-Velasco, J. A., et al. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511547287.049 · Cited by 11
Schulte, R. T., Keller, L., Hiner, M. R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.004002 · Cited by 11
Ortiz, A., Ortíz, R., Soto, E., et al. (2016) · Daehan saengsik uihak hoeji/Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · doi:10.5653/cerm.2016.43.2.102 · Cited by 10
“[10], who concluded that these values represent the threshold fertility levels for initial sperm specimens intended for use in IUI, because samples under these levels exhibited significantly lower pregnancy rates [10].”
Backgroundde Araújo, L. F. P., Filho, E. D. A., Fácio, C. L., Bossoni, M. C., Machado‐Paula, L. A., Corrente, J. E., Cavagna, M., Matheus, P. C., & Pontes, A. (2013) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1477-7827-11-101 · Cited by 10
Küçük, T., Sözen, E., & Buluç, B. (2008) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.004754 · Cited by 10
“The cutoff values of between 5 6 106 and 10 6 106 motile sperm in the ejaculate (Cohlen et al, 1998; Dickey et al, 1999) and of about 0.8 6 106 to 1 6 106 motile sperm in the inseminate have been reported in some studies (Campana et al, 1996; Wainer et al, 2004).”
InfluentialFactors determining successful intrauterine insemination
Sinha, P., Pandey, K., & Srivastava, A. (2017) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174028 · Cited by 8
Sandfoss, M., Whittington, O. M., Reichling, S., et al. (2021) · Cryobiology · doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.06.008 · Cited by 9
Shiraishi, K., Naito, K., & Takihara, H. (2003) · Archives of Andrology · doi:10.1080/01485010390236396 · Cited by 9
“Threshold levels of TM of 20 million and 5 million have been identified [4, 6].”
BackgroundEffect of total motile sperm count in intra-uterine insemination on ongoing pregnancy rate
Kleppe, M., van Hooff, M. H., & Rhemrev, J. P. T. (2014) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12212 · Cited by 8
“These numbers range from 0.3 to 20 million (Huang et al., 1996; Ombelet et al., 1997; Dickey et al., 1999; Van Voorhis et al., 2001; Miller et al., 2002; Van Weert et al., 2004; Daya, 2005; Badawy et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialYahyavi, S. K., Wall-Gremstrup, G., Probst-Drejer, B., Toft, F. B., Jorsal, M. J., Holt, R., Aksglæde, L., Jørgensen, N., Juul, A., & Jensen, M. B. (2024) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deae293 · Cited by 7
Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria
Okonofua, F. E., Ntoimo, L. F. C., Unuabonah, E. I., Msagati, T. A. M., Ayodeji, O., Aziken, M. E., Omonkhua, A. A., Ohenhen, V., Olafusi, C., & Alfred, M. O. (2024) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins16030119 · Cited by 7
“This is not unexpected since it is well known that men whose sperm parameters fall below the WHO standards can still attain pregnancies [39–41].”
BackgroundRuiter‐Ligeti, J., Agbo, C., & Dahan, M. H. (2017) · Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.23736/s0026-4784.16.04002-8 · Cited by 7
Sorouri, Z. Z., Shomali, R. R., & Pourmarzi, D. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 7
¿Existe asociación entre la morfología normal del espermatozoide y su cinética de desplazamiento?
Munuce, M. J., Maya, W. D. C., & Berta, C. L. (2006) · Actas Urológicas Españolas · doi:10.1016/s0210-4806(06)73499-4 · Cited by 6
An overview of intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction
Brinsden, P. R., & Dickey, R. P. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511642159.002 · Cited by 6
Self-citationFujisawa, Y., Kikuchi, S., Kuba, F., Oishi, K., Murayama, S., Sugiyama, T., Tokito, R., Ueno, H., Kashiwabara, S., Yumura, Y., et al. (2024) · Reproductive Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1002/rmb2.12602 · Cited by 5
Place des techniques d’assistance médicale à la procréation
Amar-Hoffet, A., Hedon, B., & Belaisch-Allart, J. (2010) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(10)70034-x · Cited by 5
Duvan, C. İ., Berker, B., Bayrak, Ö., Aydos, K., Turhan, N. Ö., & Şatıroğlu, H. (2009) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-0812-15 · Cited by 5
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SEMEN PARAMETERS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME AFTER INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION
Mehrafza, M., Nobakhti, N., Roshan, Z. A., et al. (2003) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 5
Relationship between semen regurgitation and pregnancy rates with intrauterine insemination
Craig, L. B., Arya, S., Burks, H. R., et al. (2021) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.1183 · Cited by 4
Patel, A. P., Patel, M. S., Shah, S. R., & Jani, S. K. (2016) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1404 · Cited by 4
Cabello, Y., Belchin, P., González-Martínez, M., López‐Fernández, C., Johnston, S. D., & Gosálvez, J. (2022) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.11.002 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Dickey, R. P., Pyrzak, R., Lu, P. Y., Taylor, S. N., & Rye, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 684-689
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076818515
- Semantic Scholar
- bb0d3297a10ff7a187d082f63d62d8e7a84a6ece
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Male Reproductive Health Studies
- Keywords
- intrauterine insemination, semen quality, progressive motility, total motile sperm count, sperm concentration, fecundity, pregnancy rate, male factor infertility, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Infertility, Male, Insemination, Artificial, Homologous, Male, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Specimen Handling, Sperm Count, Sperm Motility, Spermatozoa, World Health Organization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-26, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-26 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
