The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Menstrual cycle-associated changes in blood levels of interleukin-6, α1 acid glycoprotein, and C-reactive protein
Abstract
Based on previous studies we hypothesized that interleukin-6 (IL-6) plasma levels would increase during the menstrual cycle, in analogy to the increase in IL-1 levels seen during the luteal phase. Thus we have investigated menstrual cycle-associated changes in IL-6, alpha1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The study design was cross-sectional and was conducted in 18 healthy premenopausal women with regular menstrual cycles and in 15 age-matched men. The women had blood drawings in the follicular phase, at midcycle, and in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. A single blood sample was obtained from men to compare IL-6 levels between sexes. The median IL-6 level was 0.68 pg/ml (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60 to 1.05) in the follicular phase and did not change significantly during the menstrual cycle. IL-6 levels did not differ between women and men (0.79 pg/ml; CI: 0.66 to 1.05; p > 0.05). Median AGP levels decreased by 6% (CI: -14% to 1%) during the luteal phase (p = 0.005), and a significant correlation between mean AGP and IL-6 levels was found (r = 0.60; p = 0.01). Median CRP levels increased by 44% (CI: 27% to 59%; p < 0.001) at midcycle and by 31% (CI: 17% to 68%; p = 0.002) in the luteal phase, and there was a significant correlation between the relative increase in CRP at midcycle and the relative increase in progesterone levels during midcycle (r = 0.60; p = 0.01) and the luteal phase (r = 0.71; p = 0.001). In conclusion, we found no sustai…
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“Thirdly, CRP levels in peripheral blood have been reported to be significantly higher during the midcycle and luteal phase when compared to the follicular phase [35].”
From A high sensitivity assay is more accurate than a classical assay for the measurement of plasma CRP levels in endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Inflammation levels fluctuate throughout female life according to hormonal changes owing to phase of menstrual cycle, use of hormonal contraceptives, menopause and use of estrogens,6, 7, 8”
From Association of depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Hormonal changes throughout female life due to phase of menstrual cycle, use of hormonal contraceptives, menopause and use of estrogens greatly impact on inflammation levels,6, 7, 8”
From Association of depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
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Sorted by citations
Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181907c1b · Cited by 2,766
“Sex differences are also critical as inflammatory markers may fluctuate with the menstrual cycle (32).”
BackgroundSex hormones and the immune response in humans
Bouman, A., Heineman, M. J., & Faas, M. M. (2005) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi008 · Cited by 1,131
“However, others showed no variation in plasma IL-6 levels or leukocyte IL-6 production during the menstrual cycle (Jilma et al., 1997; Brannstrom et al., 1999; Al Harthi et al., 2000; Konecna et al., 2000; Verthelyi and Klinman, 2000; Abrahamsen et al., 2003).”
BackgroundFord, D. E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010 · Cited by 544
“One study found that median CRP levels increase by 44% at mid-cycle and 31% in the luteal phase.(22) While one might expect that women with depression would be in a similar phase of the menstrual cycle as women without depression, it is possible that women with depression are more likely to have menstrual cycle abnorm…”
BackgroundO’Connor, M.-F., Bower, J. E., Cho, H. J., Creswell, J. D., Dimitrov, S., Hamby, M. E., Hoyt, M. A., Martin, J. L., Robles, T. F., Sloan, E. K., et al. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.005 · Cited by 500
“…(Wunder et al., 2006; O'Brien et al., 2007; Al-Harthi et al., 2000; Willis et al., 2003; Abrahamsen et al., 2003; Salkeld et al., 2001), other studies find that IL-6 is higher (Souter et al., 2005) and CRP is lower (Jilma et al., 1997) during the follicular phase as compared to the luteal phase.”
BackgroundToker, S., Shirom, A., Shapira, I., Berliner, S., & Melamed, S. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.344 · Cited by 340
“…concentrations, and based on past findings indicating an association between hs-CRP and fibrinogen and oral contraceptives and menstrual cycle (Jilma et al., 1997; Vorster, 1999), we conducted the analysis for women again, controlling for oral contraceptive use and the number of days since…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Jilma, B., Dirnberger, E., Löscher, I., Rumplmayr, A., Hildebrandt, J., Eichler, H.-G., Kapiotis, S., & Wagner, O. F.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Jilma, Bernd
- ORCID
- Jilma, Bernd
- Venue
- Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-75
- ISSN
- 0022-2143 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969728728
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, interleukin-6, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, luteal phase, follicular phase, progesterone, sex differences, premenopausal women, acute phase proteins, inflammatory markers, plasma cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Humans, Male, Menstrual Cycle, Orosomucoid, Sex Characteristics, Cohort Studies, Interleukin-6
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