Panic disorder: the role of the balance system
Abstract
Experimental evidences suggest that Panic Disorder (PD) is characterized by abnormalities in respiratory and vestibular functions. We studied balance system function in patients with PD and its relationships with CO(2) reactivity and clinical characteristics. Nineteen patients with PD with/without agoraphobia underwent static posturography and the 35% CO(2) challenge. The severity of clinical symptomatology was measured by standardized psychometric scales. Patients were free of psychotropic medications during the 2 weeks before the study. Different investigators blind to each other carried out the CO(2) challenge, static posturography and clinical assessment. Nineteen age and sex-matched healthy controls underwent static posturography. Body sway velocity and length were significantly higher in panic patients than in controls and patients showed high percentages of abnormal scores. Patients with two or more abnormal scores on static posturography were significantly more agoraphobic than those with less than two. Abnormal posturography scores under the eyes-opened was related to high anticipatory anxiety, whereas those under eyes-closed was related to phobic avoidance. Symptomatological reactivity to CO(2) was significantly correlated to abnormal functions of the balance system in the eyes-closed condition. Our findings suggest that (1) many patients with PD (5-42%) have abnormalities in their balance system function compared with healthy controls (0-5%), (2) symptomatological reactivity to CO(2) and balance system function in patients with PD are correlated only in the eyes-closed condition and (3) there is a significant link between agoraphobic avoidance and subclinical abnormal function of the balance system network.
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Some experimental studies have found subclinical abnormalities in balance systems and postural instability particularly related to impaired visuovestibular interactions in panic disorder patients; this feature is thought to influence the development and course of agoraphobia.
“Some experimental studies have found subclinical abnormalities in these patients’ balance systems and postural instability particularly related to impaired visuovestibular interactions; this feature is thought to influence the development and course of agoraphobia [60–64].”
From Management of Treatment-Resistant Panic Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [63]
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Anxiety in Vestibular Disorders
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Panic Disorder, Is It Really a Mental Disorder? From Body Functions to the Homeostatic Brain
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Self-citationPsychological aspects of vestibular disorders
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Correlation between anxiety and chronic motion sensitivity
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Cognitive-Emotional-Vestibular Triad in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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La posturographie peut-elle participer à l’étude des désordres thymo-cognitifs ?
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Dizziness: Interfacing Psychiatry and Neuro-Otology
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RELACIÓN ENTRE LOS TRASTORNOS POR ANSIEDAD Y ALTERACIONES DEL OÍDO INTERNO
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Panic disorder: from psychopathology to treatment
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Psychophysical and Psychological Factors Affecting Recovery from Acute Balance Disorders
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Videonystamography Findings in Dizziness Patients with Background Anxiety Disorder
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Angst- oder furchtbezogene Störungen
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- Authors
- Perna, G., Dario, A., Caldirola, D., Stefania, B., Cesarani, A., & Bellodi, L.
- Affiliations
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- University of Sassari (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Perna, Giampaolo
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 279-286
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2131709154
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Keywords
- panic disorder, balance system, vestibular function, posturography, CO2 challenge, agoraphobia, anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance, postural sway, respiratory function
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Inhalation, Adolescent, Adult, Agoraphobia, Carbon Dioxide, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Posture, Respiration, Visual Perception, Panic Disorder
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