Cited by 87Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesBalance, Gait, and Falls PreventionVestibular and auditory disorders

Panic disorder: the role of the balance system

Perna, Giampaolo, Dario, Alpini, Caldirola, Daniela, Stefania, Barozzi, Cesarani, Antonio, Bellodi, Laura·2001·Journal of Psychiatric Research

Abstract

Experimental evidences suggest that Panic Disorder (PD) is characterized by abnormalities in respiratory and vestibular functions. We studied balance system function in patients with PD and its relationships with CO(2) reactivity and clinical characteristics. Nineteen patients with PD with/without agoraphobia underwent static posturography and the 35% CO(2) challenge. The severity of clinical symptomatology was measured by standardized psychometric scales. Patients were free of psychotropic medications during the 2 weeks before the study. Different investigators blind to each other carried out the CO(2) challenge, static posturography and clinical assessment. Nineteen age and sex-matched healthy controls underwent static posturography. Body sway velocity and length were significantly higher in panic patients than in controls and patients showed high percentages of abnormal scores. Patients with two or more abnormal scores on static posturography were significantly more agoraphobic than those with less than two. Abnormal posturography scores under the eyes-opened was related to high anticipatory anxiety, whereas those under eyes-closed was related to phobic avoidance. Symptomatological reactivity to CO(2) was significantly correlated to abnormal functions of the balance system in the eyes-closed condition. Our findings suggest that (1) many patients with PD (5-42%) have abnormalities in their balance system function compared with healthy controls (0-5%), (2) symptomatological reactivity to CO(2) and balance system function in patients with PD are correlated only in the eyes-closed condition and (3) there is a significant link between agoraphobic avoidance and subclinical abnormal function of the balance system network.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00031-0

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  • Some experimental studies have found subclinical abnormalities in balance systems and postural instability particularly related to impaired visuovestibular interactions in panic disorder patients; this feature is thought to influence the development and course of agoraphobia.

    “Some experimental studies have found subclinical abnormalities in these patients’ balance systems and postural instability particularly related to impaired visuovestibular interactions; this feature is thought to influence the development and course of agoraphobia [60–64].”

    From Management of Treatment-Resistant Panic Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [63]

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Authors
Perna, G., Dario, A., Caldirola, D., Stefania, B., Cesarani, A., & Bellodi, L.
Affiliations
  • Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
  • University of Sassari (IT)
Corresponding author
Perna, Giampaolo
Venue
Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-09
Volume
35
Issue
5
Pages
279-286
ISSN
0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2131709154
Cited by
87
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
FWCI
7.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
Keywords
panic disorder, balance system, vestibular function, posturography, CO2 challenge, agoraphobia, anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance, postural sway, respiratory function
MeSH terms
Administration, Inhalation, Adolescent, Adult, Agoraphobia, Carbon Dioxide, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Posture, Respiration, Visual Perception, Panic Disorder

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