Space and motion discomfort and abnormal balance control in patients with anxiety disorders
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Previous research suggested that panic disorder with agoraphobia is associated with abnormalities on vestibular and balance function tests. The purpose of this study was to further examine psychiatric correlates of vestibular/balance dysfunction in patients with anxiety disorders and the specific nature of the correlated vestibular abnormalities. The psychiatric variables considered included anxiety disorder versus normal control status, panic disorder versus non-panic anxiety disorder diagnosis, presence or absence of comorbid fear of heights, and degree of space and motion discomfort (SMD). The role of anxiety responses to vestibular testing was also re-examined. METHODS: 104 subjects were recruited: 29 psychiatrically normal individuals and 75 psychiatric patients with anxiety disorders. Anxiety patients were assigned to four subgroups depending on whether or not they had panic disorder and comorbid fear of heights. SMD and anxiety responses were measured by questionnaires. Subjects were examined for abnormal unilateral vestibular hypofunction on caloric testing indicative of peripheral vestibular dysfunction, asymmetric responses on rotational testing as an indicator of an ongoing vestibular imbalance and balance function using Equitest dynamic posturography as an indicator of balance control. Logistic regression was used to establish the association between the psychiatric variables and vestibular or balance test abnormalities. RESULTS: Rotational test results were not significantly related to any of the psychiatric variables. The presence of either panic attacks or fear of heights increased the probability of having caloric hypofunction in a non-additive fashion. SMD and anxiety responses were independently associated with abnormal balance. Among specific posturography conditions, the association with SMD was significant for a condition that involved the balance platform tilting codirectionally with body sway, suggesting an abnormal dependence on somatosensory cues in the control of balance. CONCLUSION: In patients with anxiety disorders, higher SMD is indicative of somatosensory dependence in the control of balance. The absence of both panic and fear of heights reduces the probability of having peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Future research should examine if vestibular rehabilitation can be of value for patients with anxiety disorders complicated by SMD.
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In patients with anxiety disorders, a history of previous vestibular deficits was associated with SMD.
“In patients with anxiety disorders, a history of previous vestibular deficits was associated with SMD [38, 41].”
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- Authors
- Jacob, R. G., Redfern, M. S., & Furman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacob, R G
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2008-07-24
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-78
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4893779
- OpenAlex
- W2139841178
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG024827)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, panic disorder, agoraphobia, vestibular dysfunction, balance control, caloric test, peripheral vestibular hypofunction, dynamic posturography, fear of heights, vestibular rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Caloric Tests, Postural Balance, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motion Perception, Phobic Disorders, Posture, Space Perception, Vestibular Diseases, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Young Adult
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