Childhood and adolescent psychologic development
Abstract
Child and adolescent psychologic development is a complex process that is governed by the interactions of multiple biologic, genetic, sociocultural, and environmental variables. Viewed from an ecological context, the individual influences, and is influenced by, a multilayered set of systems, including the family, school, neighborhood, and peer group, as well as the more indirect effects of the workplace, health care and social services systems, and the larger cultural belief and value systems of the society in which the individual lives. This article reviews the major developmental themes and transitions through which children and adolescents must move on the path to adulthood. Primary developmental tasks are reviewed within each age period from birth to adulthood, along with a discussion of several risk factors that present challenges to normal development at the individual, family, community, and societal levels. The important roles of pediatricians and other health care professionals in helping children and families negotiate these developmental challenges is also reviewed.
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Another developmental task in adolescence is the achievement of autonomy.
“Otra tarea del desarrollo en la adolescencia es el logro de la autonomía15,20 ,”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Autonomy occurs when the young person becomes emotionally and economically independent of their parents.
“lo que ocurre cuando el joven llega a ser emocional y económicamente independiente de sus padres.”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Emotional competence relates to the capacity to manage or self-regulate emotions.
“La primera se relaciona con la capacidad de manejar o autorregular las emociones”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Social competence relates to the ability to relate effectively with others.
“y la segunda con la habilidad para relacionarse efectivamente con otros.”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Adolescence is characterized by the development of emotional and social competence.
“La adolescencia se caracteriza también por el desarrollo de competencia emocional y social15,20 .”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
The current extension of the adolescent period impacts identity development, which may take longer to consolidate.
“La extensión actual del período adolescente impacta en el desarrollo de la identidad, que puede tardar más en consolidarse20 .”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Peer relations influence the process of identity search and consolidation.
“Influyen en el proceso de búsqueda y consolidación de la identidad”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Peer relations, besides facilitating progressive autonomy, contribute significantly to the well-being and psychosocial development of young people.
“las relaciones con los pares cumplen otras funciones importantes, contribuyendo significativamente al bienestar y desarrollo psicosocial de los jóvenes14,20,21 .”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
The increased reward or sensation seeking in adolescence would be a product of earlier maturation of the socioemotional brain system than of the cognitive control system, with the result that under emotional arousal the former exceeds the regulatory capacity of the latter, which is still relatively immature.
“Ello sería producto de la maduración más temprana del sistema cerebral socioemocional que del sistema de control cognitivo, con el resultado de que, en condiciones de excitación emocional, el primero sobrepasa la capacidad regulatoria del segundo (todavía relativamente inmaduro).”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Peer relations provide a context for exercising skills and satisfying interpersonal needs such as intimacy and mutual validation.
“y proveen el contexto para el ejercicio de destrezas y la satisfacción de una serie de necesidades interpersonales (de intimidad, de validación mutua,”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In particularly emotionally charged situations, such as in the presence of other young people or when there is a possibility of reward, the probability increases that these factors influence adolescents' behaviors more than rationality.
“Así, en situaciones que son particularmente cargadas emocionalmente (p.ej., en presencia de otros jóvenes o cuando existe posibilidad de una recompensa), aumenta la probabilidad de que estas influyan en sus conductas más que la racionalidad8,9,20 .”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Peer relations broaden the perspective of social customs and norms.
“amplían la perspectiva de las costumbres y normas sociales”
From Adolescent psychosocial development (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
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Şahin, D. N., Aydın, M., ÖZLÜ, K., Doğru, Z., Kamuk, Y. U., Karaman, S., Kaplan, A., Aksoyak, H., Çağlar, E. Ç., Tosun, M. İ., et al. (2022) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.1000
Hagler, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2491066
Yüce, M. S., Pepe, O., Koç, K., & Bebek, A. N. (2025) · Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.61962/bsd.1708420
Dai, Z., Luo, Y., Tan, J., Hu, L., & Dai, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1733077
Malas, E. M., Saygın, Y., & GÜNAYDIN, H. D. (2026) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2026.2705496
- Authors
- Culbertson, J. L., Newman, J. E., & Willis, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
- Venue
- Pediatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 741-764
- ISSN
- 0031-3955 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005644361
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 0.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pediatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Child and Adolescent Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Keywords
- adolescent development, developmental transitions, developmental tasks, risk factors, ecological systems theory, family influence, peer groups, sociocultural context
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Humans
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