Cited by 409Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchForensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisPharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism

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Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids with emphasis on man.

Agurell, S, Halldin, M, Lindgren, J E, Ohlsson, A, Widman, M, Gillespie, H, Hollister, L·1986·Pharmacological Reviews

DOI 10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06861-9

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Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescent and Adult Male Mice
Torrens, A., Vozella, V., Huff, H., McNeil, B., Ahmed, F., Ghidini, A., Mahler, S. V., Huestis, M. A., Das, A., & Piomelli, D. (2020) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.120.265892 · Cited by 88
“Second, experiments with liver microsomes—in which the majority of D(9)-THC biotransformation is thought to occur (Christensen et al., 1971; Agurell et al., 1986; Watanabe et al., 1993)—show that the conversion of D(9)-THC into the inactive metabolite 11-COOH-THC was faster in adolescents (Fig.”
Assay of plasma cannabidiol by capillary gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectroscopy following high-dose repeated daily oral administration in humans
Consroe, P. F., Kennedy, K., & Schram, K. H. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90357-8 · Cited by 85
Blunted highs: Pharmacodynamic and behavioral models of cannabis tolerance
Ramaekers, J. G., Mason, N. L., & Theunissen, E. L. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006 · Cited by 85
Validated method for the simultaneous determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC in human plasma using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization
GUSTAFSON, R., Moolchan, E. T., Barnes, A. J., LEVINE, B. S., & HUESTIS, M. (2003) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.09.022 · Cited by 85
Oral nabilone capsules in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and pain
Davis, M. P. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.17.1.85 · Cited by 82
“The two former cannabinoids do have anticonvulsant activity [48] .”
Background
Metabolomics of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: implications in toxicity
Dinis‐Oliveira, R. J. (2016) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.3109/03602532.2015.1137307 · Cited by 83
“The occurrence of a keto function, as in 8-Keto-D(9)-THC, in combination with a hydroxyl or a carboxy group is quite common (Agurell et al., 1986).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Vasodilator actions of abnormal‐cannabidiol in rat isolated small mesenteric artery
Ho, W. ‐. V., & Hiley, C. R. (2003) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705160 · Cited by 80
“Even though in vivo metabolism of cannabidiol, the parent compound of abn-cbd, has been studied in detail (Agurell et al., 1986), production of vasoactive metabolites from abn-cbd has not been reported.”
Background
Pharmacokinetic, behavioral, and brain activity effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescent male and female rats
Ruiz, C. M., Torrens, A., Castillo, E., Perrone, C. R., Cevallos, J. R., Inshishian, V. C., Harder, E. V., Justeson, D. N., Huestis, M. A., Swarup, V., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00839-w · Cited by 79
Physiological and behavioural effects of the endogenous cannabinoid, arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide), in the rat
Stein, E. A., Fuller, S. A., Edgemond, W. S., & Campbell, W. B. (1996) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15683.x · Cited by 79
Δ-Tetrahydrocannabinol alone and combined with cannabidiol mitigate fear memory through reconsolidation disruption
Stern, C. A. J., Gazarini, L., Vanvossen, A. C., Zuardi, A. W., Galve‐Roperh, I., Guimarães, F. S., Takahashi, R. N., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.001 · Cited by 78
“As the disrupting effect on memory reconsolidation was shown on Test A performed 24 h after treatment with THC, and its effects last for a shorter period than the time elapsed between drug administration and behavioral testing used herein (Agurell et al., 1986), it is considered the above-mentioned outcome is not dire…”
Nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 activity in a population of black African descent: Impact of gender and light smoking
Mwenifumbo, J. C., Sellers, E. M., & Tyndale, R. F. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.012 · Cited by 76
Cannabidiol induces intracellular calcium elevation and cytotoxicity in oligodendrocytes
Mato, S., Sánchez‐Gómez, M. V., & Matute, C. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21044 · Cited by 79
“Although the sensitivity of human OLs to the effects of CBD in vivo remains to be determined, an important consideration when evaluating these data is that CBD concentrations above 100 nM have been measured in the plasma of cannabis consumers (Agurell et al., 1986).”
Background
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions
Bell, A. D., MacCallum, C., Margolese, S., Walsh, Z., Wright, P., Daeninck, P. J., Mandarino, E., Lacasse, G., Kaur Deol, J., de Freitas, L., et al. (2024) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0156 · Cited by 78
“104,105 A paucity of clinical studies are available regarding the effect of cannabinoids on this enzyme system, but in vitro studies suggest that THC inhibits CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, whereas CBD inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5.”
Background
Acute and Non-acute Effects of Cannabis on Human Memory Function: A Critical Review of Neuroimaging Studies
Bossong, M. G., Jager, G., Bhattacharyya, S., & Allen, P. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990436 · Cited by 75
Electroencephalographic correlates of marihuana-induced euphoria
Lukas, S. E., Mendelson, J. H., & Benedikt, R. A. (1995) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(94)01067-u · Cited by 76
Stability of 11-nor-delta(9)-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide in plasma and urine assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Skopp, G., & Pötsch, L. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 74
A Phase I, Open Label, Four-Way Crossover Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of a Single Dose of 20 mg of a Cannabis Based Medicine Extract (CBME) Administered on 3 Different Areas of the Buccal Mucosa and to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics of CBMEper Oralin Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (GWPK0112)
Guy, G. W., & Robson, P. (2004) · Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics · doi:10.1300/j175v03n04_01 · Cited by 73
A Phase I, Double Blind, Three-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabis Based Medicine Extract (CBME) Administered Sublingually in Variant Cannabinoid Ratios in Normal Healthy Male Volunteers (GWPK0215)
Guy, G. W., & Robson, P. (2004) · Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics · doi:10.1300/j175v03n04_02 · Cited by 70
“This has not taken the possible therapeutic contribution of the other cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid plant components into account, or the slow and unpredictable absorption of cannabinoids via the gastrointestinal tract (Agurell et al. 1986).”
Background
Acute effects of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on dopaminergic activity in several rat brain areas
de Fonseca, F. R., Fernández‐Ruíz, J., Murphy, L. L., Cebeira, M., Steger, R. W., Artke, J. A., & Ramos, J. A. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90526-l · Cited by 69
Clinical Features and Management of Intoxication Due to Hallucinogenic Drugs
Leikin, J. B., Krantz, A. J., Zell‐Kanter, M., Barkin, R. L., & Hryhorczuk, D. O. (1989) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/bf03259916 · Cited by 68
Terminal elimination plasma half-life of ?1-tetrahydrocannabinol (?1-THC) in heavy users of marijuana
Johansson, E., Halldin, M. M., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1989) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00679783 · Cited by 67
Self-citation
Bypassing the first-pass effect for the therapeutic use of cannabinoids
Mattes, R. D., Shaw, L. M. J., Edling-Owens, J., Engelman, K., & ElSohly, M. A. (1993) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90194-x · Cited by 66
Pharmacokinetics of THC in brain and testis, male gametotoxicity and premature apoptosis of spermatozoa
Nahas, G. G., Frick, H. C., Lattimer, J. K., Latour, C., & Harvey, D. J. (2002) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.369 · Cited by 64
“Other investigators have overlooked Garrett’s studies and concluded that ‘the accumulation of THC from repeated use is based on evidence indicating an accumulation of the drug that is either in inactive form or which is rendered inactive before reaching the circulation in any pharmacologically active amount’ (Holliste…”
Background
Cannabis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Hypothetical and Practical Applications, and a Call for Clinical Trials
Carter, G. T., Abood, M. E., Aggarwal, S. K., & Weiss, M. D. (2010) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909110369531 · Cited by 65
“Thus, cannabinoids are centrally acting analgesics with a different mechanism of action than opioids, although the analgesia produced by cannabinoids and opioids may involve similar pathways at the brain stem level.(103-105) There are now multiple, well-controlled clinical studies using cannabis to treat pain, showing…”
Background
Marijuana in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Carter, G. T., & Rosen, B. S. (2001) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/104990910101800411 · Cited by 64
Intra- and Intersubject Whole Blood/Plasma Cannabinoid Ratios Determined by 2-Dimensional, Electron Impact GC-MS with Cryofocusing
Schwilke, E. W., Karschner, E. L., Lowe, R. H., et al. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.114405 · Cited by 64
The Endogenous Cannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Is Intravenously Self-Administered by Squirrel Monkeys
Justinová, Z., Yaşar, S., Redhi, G. H., & Goldberg, S. R. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6058-10.2011 · Cited by 63
“They are either rapidly metabolized in the brain, but have a lower efficacy (anandamide), or their metabolism is much slower than that of 2-AG (THC and methanandamide) (Agurell et al., 1986; Abadji et al., 1994).”
Background
Simultaneous Quantitation of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in Serum by GC/MS Using Deuterated Internal Standards and Its Application to a Smoking Study and Forensic Cases
Moeller, M. R., Doerr, G. F., & Warth, S. (1992) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs13282j · Cited by 63
A Single Centre, Placebo-Controlled, Four Period, Crossover, Tolerability Study Assessing, Pharmacodynamic Effects, Pharmacokinetic Characteristics and Cognitive Profiles of a Single Dose of Three Formulations of Cannabis Based Medicine Extracts (CBMEs) (GWPD9901), Plus a Two Period Tolerability Study Comparing Pharmacodynamic Effects and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of a Single Dose of a Cannabis Based Medicine Extract Given via Two Administration Routes (GWPD9901 EXT)
Guy, G. W., & Flint, M. (2004) · Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics · doi:10.1300/j175v03n03_03 · Cited by 62
Chemistry of Cannabis
Hazekamp, A., Fischedick, J. T., Díez, M. L., Lubbe, A., & Ruhaak, L. R. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045382-8.00091-5 · Cited by 77
Examining the roles of cannabinoids in pain and other therapeutic indications: a review
Turcotte, D., Dorze, J.-A. L., Esfahani, F., Frost, E. E., Gomori, A. J., & Namaka, M. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560903413534 · Cited by 59
“D9-THC’s major initial metabolites include the equally psychoactive 11-OH-THC [70-72].”
Background
Recent advances in the metabolism of cannabinoids
Yamamoto, I., Watanabe, K., Narimatsu, S., & Yoshimura, H. (1995) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/1357-2725(95)00043-o · Cited by 59
A review of the anesthetic implications of marijuana use
Alexander, J. C., & Joshi, G. P. (2019) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2019.1603034 · Cited by 58
“Similarly, dose delivery is highly dependent on the user’s smoking style.(19) Cannabinoids are rapidly distributed within the vessel-rich group, so effects are apparent within seconds to minutes of inhalation but may be delayed up to 1 to 2 hours with oral ingestion.”
Background
Health aspects of cannabis: revisited
Hollister, L. E. (1998) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145798001060 · Cited by 57
Self-citation
1',1'-Dimethylheptyl-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid: a novel, orally effective cannabinoid with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Dajani, E. Z., Larsen, K. R., Taylor, J., Dajani, N. E., Shahwan, T. G., Neeleman, S. D., Taylor, M., Dayton, M. T., & Mir, G. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 57
Medicinal cannabis: rational guidelines for dosing.
Carter, G. T., Weydt, P., Kyashna-Tocha, M., & Abrams, D. I. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 55
Partition coefficient, blood to plasma ratio, protein binding and short-term stability of 11-nor-Δ9-carboxy tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide
Skopp, G., Pötsch, L., Mauden, M., & Richter, B. (2002) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(02)00023-3 · Cited by 54
Acute and chronic administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 attenuates tumor-evoked hyperalgesia
Hamamoto, D. T., Giridharagopalan, S., & Simone, D. A. (2006) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.062 · Cited by 55
“First, twice-daily administration could result in a build-up of CP 55,940 in fat stores because cannabinoids are lipid soluble (Agurell et al., 1986).”
Background
The Impact of Cannabidiol on Psychiatric and Medical Conditions
Oberbarnscheidt, T., & Miller, N. S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.14740/jocmr4159 · Cited by 55
“is estimated 6%, and after smoking is estimated to be about 6-31% [11].”
Background
Perinatal exposure to cannabinoids alters neurochemical development in rat brain
Walters, D. E., & Carr, L. A. (1988) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90300-0 · Cited by 53
Analgesic Effects of Cannabinoids for Chronic Non-cancer Pain: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression
Wong, S. S. C., Chan, W. S., & Cheung, C. W. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09905-y · Cited by 55
Cannabinoids and the eye
Wang, M. T. M., & Danesh-Meyer, H. V. (2020) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.07.002 · Cited by 53
CBD and THC: Do They Complement Each Other Like Yin and Yang?
Pennypacker, S. D., & Romero-Sandoval, E. A. (2020) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.2469 · Cited by 54
Pharmacocinétique du delta-9-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Goullé, J., Saussereau, É., & Lacroix, C. (2008) · Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises · doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2008.07.006 · Cited by 48
A protocol for the delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) and combined CBD and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by vaporisation
Solowij, N., Broyd, S. J., van Hell, H. H., & Hazekamp, A. (2014) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/2050-6511-15-58 · Cited by 48
“Smoking and intravenous administration produce reliable and similar pharmacokinetic profiles [9,10], but respectively carry toxic risks and loss of active drug by combustion, or are invasive.”
Therapeutic potential and safety considerations for the clinical use of synthetic cannabinoids
Sholler, D. J., Huestis, M. A., Amendolara, B., Vandrey, R. G., & Cooper, Z. D. (2020) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173059 · Cited by 50
“Since then, the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of THC and CBD were reviewed in detail (Agurell et al., 1986; Ashton, 2001; Grotenhermen, 2003; Huestis and Smith, 2018; Maykut, 1985).”
Background
The Potential of Cannabidiol Treatment for Cannabis Users With Recent-Onset Psychosis
Hahn, B. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx105 · Cited by 52
PET studies in the primate brain and biodistribution in mice using (−)-5′-18F-Δ8-THC
Charalambous, A., Marciniak, G., Shiue, C., Dewey, S. L., Schlyer, D. J., Wolf, A. P., & Makriyannis, A. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90354-5 · Cited by 47
Novel 1′,1′-chain substituted Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinols
Papahatjis, D. P., Nikas, S. P., Andreou, T., & Makriyannis, A. (2002) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00785-0 · Cited by 47
Cannabinoid Concentrations in Spot Serum Samples 24-48 Hours After Discontinuation of Cannabis Smoking
Skopp, G., & Pötsch, L. (2008) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/32.2.160 · Cited by 46
“The major metabolic route involves hydroxylation of the allylic methyl group followed by further oxidation to 11-nor-9carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), which also forms an acyl glucuronide (THCCOOglu) (7).”
Background
Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure on adrenal medullary function: Evidence of an acute effect and development of tolerance in chronic treatments
de Fonseca, F. R., Fernández‐Ruíz, J., Murphy, L. L., Eldridge, J. C., Steger, R. W., & Bartke, A. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90368-c · Cited by 46
Modulation of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐induced hypothermia by fluoxetine in the rat
Malone, D. T., & Taylor, D. A. (1998) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701980 · Cited by 45
“The inhaled route is the method that most recreational users opt for when using cannabis (Agurell et al., 1986), presumably because of the fast absorption rate achieved.”
Method
Different impacts of intestinal lymphatic transport on the oral bioavailability of structurally similar synthetic lipophilic cannabinoids: Dexanabinol and PRS-211,220
Gershkovich, P., Qadri, B., Yacovan, A., Amselem, S., & Hoffman, A. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.04.006 · Cited by 44
Perspectives on Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid Analgesics
Khan, S. P., Pickens, T. A., & Berlau, D. J. (2019) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2018-0051 · Cited by 43
Illicit drugs
Dhingra, D., Kaur, S., & Ram, J. (2019) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1210_17 · Cited by 43
Leptin, ghrelin, and endocannabinoids: Potential therapeutic targets in anorexia nervosa
Støving, R. K., Andries, A., Brixen, K., Flyvbjerg, A., Hørder, K., & Frystyk, J. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.007 · Cited by 45
“It has never been clarified whether the use of cannabis is causally linked to the development of psychosis or is used as anxiolytic self-medication in predisposed subjects (Arendt et al., 2007). These concerns were recently addressed in a authoritative report by the Royal College of Physicians in UK (2005), which conc…”
Background
Keine synergistische Wirkung der Kombination von ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol und Piritramid bei postoperativen Schmerzen
Seeling, W., Kneer, L., Büchele, B., Gschwend, J. E., Maier, L., Nett, C., Simmet, T., Steffen, P., Schneider, M., & Rockemann, M. (2006) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-005-0963-6 · Cited by 42
Cannabinol inhibits oxytosis/ferroptosis by directly targeting mitochondria independently of cannabinoid receptors
Liang, Z., Soriano‐Castell, D., Kepchia, D., Duggan, B. M., Currais, A. J. M., Schubert, D. A., & Maher, P. A. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.001 · Cited by 45
Determination of ∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC and Cannabidiol in Human Plasma using Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Andrenyak, D. M., Moody, D. E., Slawson, M. H., OʼLeary, D. S., & Haney, M. (2016) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkw136 · Cited by 42
Cannabinoid concentrations in confiscated cannabis samples and in whole blood and urine after smoking CBD-rich cannabis as a “tobacco substitute”
Hädener, M., Gelmi, T. J., Fabritius, M. M., Weinmann, W., & Pfäffli, M. (2019) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-018-01994-y · Cited by 42
Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research.
Nona, C. N., Hendershot, C. S., & Foll, B. L. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000272 · Cited by 41
An Investigation of the Stability of Free and Glucuronidated 11-Nor-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic Acid in Authentic Urine Samples
Skopp, G., & Pötsch, L. (2004) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/28.1.35 · Cited by 42
Medical marijuana in neurology
Benbadis, S. R., Sanchez‐Ramos, J., Bozorg, A. M., Giarratano, M., Kalidas, K., Katzin, L. W., Robertson, D. S., Vu, T., Smith, A., & Zesiewicz, T. A. (2014) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.985209 · Cited by 40
“THC and CBD are extremely lipophilic compounds; they ultimately accumulate in the adipose tissue and are mainly metabolized in the liver [4,11].”
Background
The acute effects of cannabis on human executive function
Oomen, P. P., van Hell, H. H., & Bossong, M. G. (2018) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000426 · Cited by 45
The Impact of Marijuana on Antidepressant Treatment in Adolescents: Clinical and Pharmacologic Considerations
Vaughn, S., Strawn, J., Poweleit, E., Sarangdhar, M., & Ramsey, L. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11070615 · Cited by 40
“Further, oral THC absorption is also influenced by sex, weight, and the presence of food [41].”
Background
Synthesis of a Primary Metabolite of Cannabidiol
Tchilibon, S., & Mechoulam, R. (2000) · Organic Letters · doi:10.1021/ol006369a · Cited by 40
Cannabis-based medicines in multiple sclerosis – A review of clinical studies
Rog, D. J. (2010) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2010.03.009 · Cited by 39
“This is due to variable gastrointestinal absorption and first pass effect through the liver which degrades tetrahydrocannabinol and converts it to its more psychoactive metabolite 11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol and which contributes to the variability of circulating concentrations (Hawks, 1982; Agurell et al., 1986; M…”
Background
Influence of Marijuana Components (THC and CBD) on Human Mononuclear Cell Cytokine Secretion In vitro
Watzl, B., Scuderi, P., & WATSON, R. R. (1991) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5925-8_7 · Cited by 39
Potential Control of Multiple Sclerosis by Cannabis and the Endocannabinoid System
Pryce, G., & Baker, D. (2012) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152712801661310 · Cited by 39
“[126] Agurell, S.”
Background
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation of the Cannabinoids
Harvey, D. J. (1999) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-710-9_10 · Cited by 39
Cannabis: A joint problem for patients and the dental profession
Joshi, S., & Ashley, M. P. (2016) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.416 · Cited by 37
A novel single-step GC–MS/MS method for cannabinoids and 11-OH-THC metabolite analysis in hair
Angeli, I., Casati, S., Ravelli, A., Minoli, M., & Orioli, M. (2018) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.031 · Cited by 37
Cannabidiol did not induce teratogenicity or neurotoxicity in exposed zebrafish embryos
Brigante, T. A. V., Abe, F. R., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., & de Oliveira, D. P. (2018) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.008 · Cited by 37
Drug Addiction
Justinová, Z., Panlilio, L. V., & Goldberg, S. R. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_13 · Cited by 40
“The dose range of THC in this study (1-8 μg/kg/injection) was lower than that previously used in THC self-administration studies and comparable to that received from smoking a marijuana cigarette (Agurell et al. 1986; Tanda et al. 2000).”
Method
Cannabis for Pain and Headaches: Primer
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The pharmacokinetics of THC in fat and brain: resulting functional responses to marihuana smoking
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Hepatic Enzymes Relevant to the Disposition of (−)-∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Its Psychoactive Metabolite, 11-OH-THC
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“Cannabis smoke inhalation results in distinct patterns of THC pharmacokinetics compared to other routes of administration, and cannabis smoke can contain numerous cannabinoids in addition to THC, which can interact to yield unique neuropharmacological outcomes (Agurell et al., 1986; Grotenhermen, 2003; Sharma, Murthy,…”

Authors: Agurell, S., Halldin, M., Lindgren, J. E., Ohlsson, A., Widman, M., Gillespie, H., & Hollister, L.
ORCID: Halldin, M
Ohlsson, A
Venue: Pharmacological Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1986-03
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 21-43
ISSN: 0031-6997 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06861-9
OpenAlex: W2107684761
Cited by: 406
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 7.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Pharmacological Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Keywords: delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinoids, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, human metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, Biotransformation, Cannabidiol, Cannabinoids, Drug Tolerance, Feces, Humans, Kinetics, Dronabinol, Tissue Distribution

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Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids with emphasis on man.

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