The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Animal models of social stress: effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems
Abstract
Social interactions serve as an evolutionarily important source of stress, and one that is virtually ubiquitous among mammalian species. Animal models of social stress are varied, ranging from a focus on acute, intermittent, or chronic exposure involving agonistic behavior, to social isolation. The relative stressfulness of these experiences may depend on the species, sex, and age of the subjects, and subject sex also appears to influence the value of hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal (HPA) axis activity as a general criterion for stress response: higher glucocorticoid levels are typically found in dominant females in some species. Social stress models often produce victorious and defeated, or dominant and subordinate, animals that may be compared to each other or to controls, but the appropriateness of specific types of comparisons and the interpretations of their differences may vary for the different models. Social stress strongly impacts behavior, generally reducing aggression and enhancing defensiveness, both inside and outside the stress situation. Social and sexual behaviors may be reduced in subordinate animals, as is activity and responsivity to normally rewarding events. However, some components of these changes may be dependent on the presence of a dominant, rather than representing a longer-term and general alteration in behavior. Social stress effects on brain neurotransmitter systems have been most extensively investigated, and most often found in serotonin and noradrenergic systems, with changes also reported for other monoamine and for peptidergic systems. Morphological changes and alterations of neogenesis and of cell survival particularly involving the hippocampus and dentate gyrus have been reported with severe social stress, as have longer-term changes in HPA axis functioning. These findings indicate that social stress models can provide high magnitude and appropriate stressors for research, but additionally suggest a need for caution in interpretation of the findings of these models and care in analysis of their underlying mechanisms.
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“Isolation is a strong stressor per se [53] and, although it may enhance the emergence of effects on play [7], it represents an important confounding factor.”
From Developmental exposure to low levels of ethinylestradiol affects social play in juvenile male rats (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Citations
Cites
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McEwen, B. S. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00177-x · Cited by 1,135
Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: an integrated life history approach
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The neuroendocrinology of social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 · Cited by 977
The neurobiology and control of anxious states
Millan, M. J. (2003) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00087-x · Cited by 978
Calcia, M., Bonsall, D. R., Bloomfield, P. S., Selvaraj, S., Barichello, T., & Howes, O. D. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4218-9 · Cited by 748
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanchard, R. J., McKittrick, C. R., & Blanchard, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blanchard, Robert J
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-271
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074796005
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 7.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- social stress, animal models of stress, social isolation, agonistic behavior, dominance hierarchy, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, serotonin, noradrenergic system, monoamines, peptidergic systems, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, neurogenesis, aggression, defensiveness, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Models, Psychological, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological
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