Cited by 595Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Animal models of social stress: effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems

Blanchard, Robert J, McKittrick, Christina R, Blanchard, D.Caroline·2001·Physiology & Behavior

DOI 10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00449-8

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Abstract

Social interactions serve as an evolutionarily important source of stress, and one that is virtually ubiquitous among mammalian species. Animal models of social stress are varied, ranging from a focus on acute, intermittent, or chronic exposure involving agonistic behavior, to social isolation. The relative stressfulness of these experiences may depend on the species, sex, and age of the subjects, and subject sex also appears to influence the value of hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal (HPA) axis activity as a general criterion for stress response: higher glucocorticoid levels are typically found in dominant females in some species. Social stress models often produce victorious and defeated, or dominant and subordinate, animals that may be compared to each other or to controls, but the appropriateness of specific types of comparisons and the interpretations of their differences may vary for the different models. Social stress strongly impacts behavior, generally reducing aggression and enhancing defensiveness, both inside and outside the stress situation. Social and sexual behaviors may be reduced in subordinate animals, as is activity and responsivity to normally rewarding events. However, some components of these changes may be dependent on the presence of a dominant, rather than representing a longer-term and general alteration in behavior. Social stress effects on brain neurotransmitter systems have been most extensively investigated, and most often found in serotonin and noradrenergic systems, with changes also reported for other monoamine and for peptidergic systems. Morphological changes and alterations of neogenesis and of cell survival particularly involving the hippocampus and dentate gyrus have been reported with severe social stress, as have longer-term changes in HPA axis functioning. These findings indicate that social stress models can provide high magnitude and appropriate stressors for research, but additionally suggest a need for caution in interpretation of the findings of these models and care in analysis of their underlying mechanisms.

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Authors: Blanchard, R. J., McKittrick, C. R., & Blanchard, D. C.
Affiliations: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Blanchard, Robert J
ORCID: Blanchard, D.Caroline
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-06
Volume: 73
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-271
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00449-8
OpenAlex: W2074796005
Cited by: 595
References: 126
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 7.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: social stress, animal models of stress, social isolation, agonistic behavior, dominance hierarchy, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, serotonin, noradrenergic system, monoamines, peptidergic systems, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, neurogenesis, aggression, defensiveness, sex differences
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Models, Psychological, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological

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Animal models of social stress: effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems

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