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Attachment and Interpersonal Communication in Somatization
Abstract
The authors review the research on childhood antecedents and personality contributions to the somatoform disorders, as well as research on social influences during adulthood. Based on these data, the authors hypothesize that somatizing patients display anxious attachment behavior that derives from childhood experiences with caregivers. Early exposure to illness increases the likelihood that distress will be manifested somatically. When under stress as adults, somatizers use physical complaints to elicit care. Somatizers' interpersonal interactions with others, including physicians, ultimately lead to rejection that reinforces the somatizer's belief that he or she will be abandoned. Modification of physicians' responses to these patients may improve treatment outcomes.
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“The other major theory of health anxiety is based on the interpersonal model [36]. This model proposes that anxious and insecure attachments derived from caregivers in early childhood leads to increased maladaptive care-seeking behaviours and reassurance seeking in adulthood [37].”
From Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
BARSKY, A. J., & Borus, J. F. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-11-199906010-00016 · Cited by 964
Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review
Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006 · Cited by 709
“A partial survey of findings to date demonstrates its relevance to stress response [9,14,15]; relationship with care providers in diabetic patients [10,70]; pain [12,32,94]; chronic diseases, including ulcerative colitis [9]; alopecia, leg ulcers, and breast cancer [13,95]; somatization [11,96]; hypochondriacal concer…”
BackgroundAttachment and Psychosomatic Medicine: Developmental Contributions to Stress and Disease
Maunder, R. G., & Hunter, J. J. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00006 · Cited by 381
“In one model of hypochondriasis and somatization, preoccupied persons have acquired a sense of personal vulnerability and vigilance so intense that interoceptive sensation (normal perception of physiological operations) is perceived as a potential threat (50).”
BackgroundExplaining medically unexplained symptoms-models and mechanisms
Rief, W., & Broadbent, E. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.005 · Cited by 440
“Somatizers' interpersonal interactions lead to rejection, which reinforces the belief that he or she will be abandoned (Stuart & Russell, 1999).”
BackgroundPsychogenic nonepileptic seizures: review and update
Reuber, M., & Elger, C. E. (2003) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1525-5050(03)00104-5 · Cited by 404
“Moreover, the failure to recognize the psychological cause of the disorder detracts physicians from addressing associated psychopathology (including suicidal ideation) [17,18], and enhances secondary somatization processes [19].”
BackgroundMapping the Road From Childhood Trauma to Adult Somatization: The Role of Attachment
Waldinger, R. J., Schulz, M. S., BARSKY, A. J., & Ahern, D. K. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000195834.37094.a4 · Cited by 272
“Stuart S, Noyes RJ. Attachment and interpersonal communication in somatization.”
BackgroundInfluentialHoudenhove, B. V., Neerinckx, E., Lysens, R., Vertommen, H., Houdenhove, L. V., Onghena, P., Westhovens, R., & D'hooghe, M. B. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.1.21 · Cited by 191
Maunder, R., Lancee, W. J., Nolan, R. P., Hunter, J., & Tannenbaum, D. W. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.08.013 · Cited by 171
“, its presence does not indicate psychopathology), the severity of insecurity is correlated with the risk of some psychiatric disorders [42–46].”
BackgroundAttachment and coping with chronic disease
Schmidt, S., Nachtigall, C., Wüthrich-Martone, O., & Strauss, B. M. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00335-5 · Cited by 167
“In this respect, Stuart and Noyes [16] have presented a conceptual framework linking physical complaints and somatization to an anxious attachment history.”
BackgroundAn Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a Treatment for Dissociative Seizures
Goldstein, L. H., Deale, A. C., O’Malley, S. J. M., Toone, B., & Mellers, J. D. C. (2004) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/00146965-200403000-00005 · Cited by 151
Granot, M., & Lavee, Y. (2005) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/00926230590950208 · Cited by 130
“Somatization is one of the major psychological factors associated with chronic pain syndromes ( Hardt, Gerbershagen, & Franke, 2000 ; Sigmon, Dorhofer, Rohan, & Boulard, 2000 ; Stuart & Noyes, 1999 ).”
BackgroundTest of an Interpersonal Model of Hypochondriasis
Noyes, R., Stuart, S. P., Langbehn, D. R., Happel, R. L., Longley, S. L., Muller, B. A., & Yagla, S. J. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000058377.50240.64 · Cited by 130
“Our aim in this study was to test the interpersonal model of hypochondriasis described by Stuart and Noyes (2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAttachment style classification and posttraumatic stress disorder in former prisoners of war.
Dieperink, M. E., Leskela, J., THURAS, P. D., & Engdahl, B. E. (2001) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.3.374 · Cited by 124
Avi Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00546.x · Cited by 121
Clinical significance of recurrent psychogenic nonepileptic seizure status
Reuber, M., Pukrop, R., Mitchell, A. J., Bauer, J., & Elger, C. E. (2003) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-003-0224-z · Cited by 113
Schmidt, S., Petersen, C., & Bullinger, M. (2003) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2003.00309.x · Cited by 106
Landa, A., Peterson, B. S., & Fallon, B. A. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182688e8b · Cited by 109
“Insecure attachment style may actually exacerbate somatization in that patients who anticipate that other people will be rejecting and hurtful may eventually elicit such behavior from others, which in turn confirms fears of rejection and perpetuates the vicious cycle (48).”
BackgroundAssessing patterns of adult attachment in medical patients
Maunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.10.007 · Cited by 101
“symptoms [11] and unexplained medical symptoms [59].”
Adult attachment, alexithymia, symptom reporting, and health-related coping
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“In the context of health issues, anxious/ambivalent attachment might lead to more use of instrumental procedures such as consulting of health professionals in an attempt to elicit care [13] or more health-informationseeking behaviour [14].”
BackgroundPhysicians’ difficulty with emergency department patients is related to patients’ attachment style
Maunder, R., Panzer, A., Viljoen, M., Owen, J. H., Human, S. W., & Hunter, J. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.01.001 · Cited by 97
Childhood Antecedents Of Hypochondriasis
Noyes, R., Stuart, S., Langbehn, D. R., Happel, R. L., Longley, S. L., & Yagla, S. J. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.4.282 · Cited by 92
Self-citationAdverse childhood experiences and health anxiety in adulthood
Reiser, S. J., McMillan, K. A., Wright, K. D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08.007 · Cited by 90
“It has been theorized that adverse childhood experiences can foster a pattern of intense care-seeking (directed toward both significant others and medical professionals), which can be reflected in maladaptive illness behaviors displayed by those with elevated health anxiety (Stuart & Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundInterpersonal Theory of Personality
Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0509 · Cited by 84
Attaching a new understanding to the patient-physician relationship in family practice.
Thompson, D., & Ciechanowski, P. (2003) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice · doi:10.3122/jabfm.16.3.219 · Cited by 95
Nakao, M., Fricchione, G. L., Myers, P. E., Zuttermeister, P. C., Baim, M. A., Mandle, C. L., Medich, C., Wells-Federman, C. L., Arcari, P. M., Ennis, M., et al. (2001) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000056225 · Cited by 81
“Reduction of anxiety may be an important mechanism underlying the reduction in medical symptoms through behavioral medicine interventions. Anxiety or insecure attachment promotes more intense care-seeking behavior [”
BackgroundChen, J., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108075 · Cited by 100
Ciechanowski, P. S., Katon, W. J., Russo, J. E., & Dwight‐Johnson, M. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.3.206 · Cited by 79
Schulte, I. E., & Petermann, F. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0233-6 · Cited by 76
“‐ Insecure attachment: Different studies [29‐31] have confirmed the hypothesis of Stuart and Noyes [ 28 ] that somatizing patients show an insecure attachment style.”
BackgroundResultSomatoform disorders: 30 years of debate about criteria!
Schulte, I. E., & Petermann, F. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.08.005 · Cited by 80
Comorbidity of Personality Disorders and Somatization Disorder: A Meta-analytic Review
Bornstein, R. F., & Gold, S. H. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-007-9052-2 · Cited by 71
Hypochondriasis and fear of death
NOYES, R., STUART, S., LONGLEY, S. L., LANGBEHN, D. R., & HAPPEL, R. L. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200208000-00002 · Cited by 64
“According to the interpersonal model outlined by Stuart and Noyes (1999), persons with hypochondriasis show persistent attempts to elicit care from others, including family members and physicians.”
MethodSelf-citationA Reconceptualization of the Somatoform Disorders
Noyes, R., Stuart, S. P., & Watson, D. B. (2008) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.49.1.14 · Cited by 62
“According to this etiologic model, individuals with somatoform disorders manifest care-eliciting behavior stemming from insecure attachment.(43) Evidence for this”
BackgroundSelf-citationKissane, D. W., & Kelly, B. J. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00692.x · Cited by 64
“The effects of such cognitions on pain [32], evaluation of the future, erosion of hope, self-esteem and self-worth, and on determination of the risks or benefits of any treatment may be substantial [7,33], yet often unrecognised.”
BackgroundGreen, B., Norman, P., & Reuber, M. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.10.015 · Cited by 58
Hausteiner, C., Bornschein, S., Zilker, T. R., Henningsen, P., & Förstl, H. (2007) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.04.010 · Cited by 50
Schmidt, S., Strauss, B. M., & Brähler, E. (2002) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608302320365217 · Cited by 54
Noyes, R., Stuart, S. P., Watson, D. B., & Langbehn, D. R. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000093948 · Cited by 48
“Conscientiousness, another dimension, might be low among persons with somatization disorder.According to the interpersonal model, persons with hypochondriasis and somatization disorder might differ with respect to attachment style and related interpersonal problems. Somatization and insecure attachment in adulthood ar…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCharacteristics of Attachment Style in Women With Dyspareunia
Granot, M., Zisman‐Ilani, Y., Ram, E., Goldstick, O., & Yovell, Y. (2010) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2011.533563 · Cited by 47
“Somatization is one of the major psychological factors associated with chronic pain syndromes ( Hardt, Gerbershagen, & Franke, 2000 ; Jantos & White, 1997 ; Sigmon, Dorhofer, Rohan, & Boulard, 2000 ; Stuart & Noyes, 1999 ; Tchoudomirova, Mardh, & Hellberg, 2001 ).”
Childhood and family factors in the development of health anxiety: A systematic review
Thorgaard, M. V., Frostholm, L., & Rask, C. U. (2018) · Children's Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2017.1318390 · Cited by 46
Lin, H., Yang, Y., Elliott, L., & Green, E. P. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104325 · Cited by 47
Gil, F. P., Scheidt, C. E., Höger, D., & Nickel, M. (2008) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.38.4.d · Cited by 44
“The link between attachment patterns and SFD has so far been investigated by only very few groups [27], who have found a distinctly higher incidence of insecure attachment in SFD. Stuart and Noyes [28] hypothesize that internalized schemas related to attachment to parental figures are a key link in the pathway from ch…”
BackgroundAdult Attachment, Reassurance Seeking and Hypochondriacal Concerns in College Students
Wearden, A. J., Perryman, K. A., & Ward, V. (2006) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105306069086 · Cited by 43
“…designed to test whether, in a sample of healthy college students, hypochondriacal concerns are related to adult attachment style and to a general tendency to seek reassurance at times of stress, as predicted by the interpersonal model of hypochondriasis (Noyes et al., 2002; Stuart & Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundAbraham, E., Hendler, T., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.001 · Cited by 38
Attachment styles and sexual dysfunctions: a case–control study of female and male sexuality
Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Tommaso, S. D., Mollaioli, D., Gravina, G. L., Marcozzi, A., Tullii, A., Carosa, E., Sante, S. D., Gianfrilli, D., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/ijir.2014.33 · Cited by 41
Ferber, S. G., & Granot, M. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000197644.95292.00 · Cited by 40
“The broad category of somatization includes the somatoform disorders that encompass pain disorders (24) and is found to be strongly associated with chronic pain syndromes and dysmenorrhea (26–27).”
BackgroundLind, A. B., Delmar, C., & Nielsen, K. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.11.019 · Cited by 40
“This lack could also contribute to explain the high prevalence of alexithymia in SD-patients [23,25–28], corresponding to our findings of low verbal mastering of distress.”
BackgroundResultInterpersonal Psychotherapy for Somatizing Patients
Stuart, S. P., & Noyes, R. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000092891 · Cited by 38
Self-citationMaunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2004) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2004.58.1.17 · Cited by 39
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“Thesebehaviors maybeseenasanattempt toelicitcarethatresult from a need to rely and dependonothers for comfort and reassurance, which may be consistent across relationships and over time [14].”
BackgroundNoyes, R., Langbehn, D. R., Happel, R. L., Sieren, L. R., & Muller, B. A. (1999) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(99)71184-9 · Cited by 35
Self-citationHulgaard, D., Dehlholm‐Lambertsen, G., & Rask, C. U. (2019) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12199 · Cited by 34
Piontek, K., Wiesmann, U., Apfelbacher, C., Völzke, H., & Grabe, H. J. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105226 · Cited by 40
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9354-2 · Cited by 34
“More specifically, MIHT-alienation (cognitive dimension) was created to be consistent with the viewpoint that maladaptive attempts to gain comfort and a sense of security from others underlie the disease conviction seen in HC ( Stuart and Noyes 1999 ).”
ResultDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders and pain management
Hennes, J. L., & Rodes, M. E. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-2242-0.00016-x · Cited by 33
Health anxiety in women with early-stage breast cancer: What is the relationship to social support?
Jones, S. L., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & Sherry, S. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0027526 · Cited by 33
Hilbert, A., Martin, A., Zech, T., Rauh, E., & Rief, W. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.012 · Cited by 33
“, avoidant, schizotypal, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive, and histrionic personality disorders) [4–6] and evidence about insecure attachment styles [1,7,8] suggest interpersonal problems of these patients, including those with their significant others.”
BackgroundIllness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions
Kikas, K., Werner-Seidler, A., Upton, E., & Newby, J. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2 · Cited by 51
“The other major theory of health anxiety is based on the interpersonal model [36].”
BackgroundAlberts, N. M., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2014) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.835401 · Cited by 32
“The second primary approach used to conceptualize how environmental factors may contribute to health anxiety is the interpersonal (IP) model (Noyes et al., 2003; Stuart & Noyes, 1999) of health anxiety.”
BackgroundDo Symptoms of Illness Serve Signaling Functions? (Hint: Yes)
Tiokhin, L. (2016) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/686811 · Cited by 30
Adult attachment insecurity is positively associated with medically unexplained chronic pain
McWilliams, L. A. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1036 · Cited by 31
“It has also been suggested that individuals with insecure attachment report physical symptoms because they learned through patterns of reinforcement with early caregivers that direct communication of emotional distress was less likely to garner attention and support than the communication of physical distress (Stuart…”
BackgroundLanda, A., Bossis, A. P., Boylan, L. S., & Wong, P. S. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182532326 · Cited by 30
Verhaeghe, P., Vanheule, S., & Rick, A. D. (2007) · The Psychoanalytic Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.2167-4086.2007.tb00306.x · Cited by 30
“…drawn from empirical studies that have examined the relationship between self-reported attachment styles and panic disorder (Fonagy and Target 2003; Shear 1996), somatization (Ciechanowski et al. 2002; Fonagy and Target 2003; Stuart and Noyes 1999), and somatoform disorders (Stuart and Noyes 1999).”
BackgroundSomatoform disorders in vertiginous children and adolescents
Ketola, S., Niemensivu, R., Henttonen, A., Appelberg, B., & Kentala, E. L. (2009) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.03.010 · Cited by 30
The role of childhood trauma in chronic pain and fatigue
Luyten, P. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203885017-8 · Cited by 30
Schmidt, S. (2003) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05327.x · Cited by 29
Koelen, J. A., Eurelings-Bontekoe, E. H. M., Stuke, F., & Luyten, P. (2015) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217415589303 · Cited by 29
“Somatoform disorders (SFD) are characterized by persistent physical symptoms that suggest the presence of a medical condition but are not fully explained by this condition or by the direct effects of a substance or (other) mental disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revisi…”
BackgroundFunctional Somatic Symptoms, Deception Syndromes, and Somatoform Disorders
Braun, I. M., Greenberg, D. B., Smith, F. A., & Cassem, N. H. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1927-7.00016-9 · Cited by 27
Perspectives on the clinical significance of functional pain syndromes in children
Simons, L. E., Basch, M. C., Chow, E., Logan, D. E., & Schechter, N. L. (2015) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s55586 · Cited by 26
“51–53 No work has been done yet on pediatric patients with FPS and their attachment styles, but Kozlowska 54 recently proposed an intervention for children with FPS that addresses attachment.”
Therapist–client agreement in assessments of clients’ functioning.
Bar‐Kalifa, E., Atzil–Slonim, D., Rafaeli, E., Peri, T., Rubel, J. A., & Lutz, W. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000157 · Cited by 30
Risk factors for hypochondriacal concerns in a sample of military veterans
Noyes, R., Watson, D. B., Carney, C. P., Letuchy, E. M., Peloso, P. M. J., Black, D. W., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.05.006 · Cited by 25
Self-citationConceptualization and Treatment of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures
Quinn, M., Schofield, M. J., & Middleton, W. (2008) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299730802073676 · Cited by 23
“Exposure to an illness model has been found to increase the likelihood that emotional distress will be expressed somatically (Stuart & Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundWhat is IPT? The Basic Principles and the Inevitability of Change
Stuart, S. P. (2007) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-007-9063-z · Cited by 23
“Maladaptive attachment styles also lead to inappropriate or inadequate interpersonal communications which prevent individuals’ attachment needs from being met ( Stuart and Noyes 1999 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSteck, B., Grether, A., Amsler, F., Dillier, A. S., Romer, G., Kappos, L., & Bürgin, D. (2007) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000106470 · Cited by 23
“These symptoms are associated by substantial distress and impairment. According to Stuart and Noyes [”
BackgroundLester, P. E., Stein, J. A., & Bursch, B. (2003) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200308000-00004 · Cited by 23
“Some have proposed that adults with vague, persistent physical symptoms presenting to medical clinics may in part be seeking proximity to a caretaking relationship because of disturbance in their primary attachment relationships.(32) Further investigation of parent-child relational factors predisposing to the developm…”
BackgroundGritti, E. S., Bornstein, R. F., & Barbot, B. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01339-4 · Cited by 30
“, during the Covid-19 pandemic; [105], it is possible that patients with anxious attachment, who also frequently present with somatoform disorders and require increased medical attention, might be more likely to exploit the healthcare provider’s resources by the search of constant communication [106].”
BackgroundA review of functional gastrointestinal disorders: A primer for mental health professionals
Chandran, S., Prakrithi, S., Mathur, S., Kishor, M. R., & Rao, T. S. (2018) · Archives of Mental Health · doi:10.4103/amh.amh_25_18 · Cited by 21
Amir, M., & Lev‐Wiesel, R. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1013010709789 · Cited by 22
“This idea is supported by the findings of Stuart and Noves (1999) on somatizing patients, indicating that anxious attachment behavior derives from childhood experiences with caregivers.”
ResultSubjective Body Complaints as an Indicator of Somatization in Elderly Patients
Schneider, G., Wachter, M., Driesch, G., Kruse, A., Nehen, H.-G., & Heuft, G. (2003) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.44.2.91 · Cited by 21
Transcultural adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy in Asia
Stuart, S. P., Pereira, X. V., & Chung, J. P.-Y. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12439 · Cited by 20
Self-citationAarts, F., Hinnen, C., Gerdes, V. E. A., Acherman, Y. I. Z., & Brandjes, D. P. M. (2014) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.47.1.g · Cited by 20
“In contrast, patients high in attachment anxiety tend to worry about health more than seems justified, are hypervigilant for threats and stressors, and report physical symptoms and complaints also when there is no indication for illness or injury [19, 20].”
BackgroundSelf-compassion in somatoform disorder
der Ven, C. D.-V., Kloth, S. A. M., Thorsell, S., SCHOLTEN, R. G., Gucht, V. D., & Geenen, R. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.013 · Cited by 20
“…awareness, and insecure attachment styles are factors that contribute to the development and persistence of somatoform disorder (Barsky, 1992; Stuart and Noyes, 1999; Kolk et al., 2003; Brown, 2004; Rief and Sharpe, 2004; Waller and Hartmann, 2004; Rief and Barsky, 2005; Bailer et al., 2006;…”
BackgroundExamining the relationships between childhood abuse history, attachment, and health anxiety
Reiser, S. J., Power, H. A., & Wright, K. D. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319869804 · Cited by 22
“Previous research has found an association between elevated HA and insecure attachment (Alberts and Hadjistavropoulos, 2014; Bizzi et al., 2015; Jordan et al., 2015; Noyes et al., 2003; Schmidt et al., 2002; Sherry et al., 2014; Thorgaard et al., 2017; Wearden et al., 2006) and provides support for the IMHA (MacSwain…”
BackgroundInfluentialVesterling, C., & Koglin, U. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109932 · Cited by 20
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Sendera, M., & Sendera, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1841-2_20 · Cited by 20
Secondary Gains and Losses in the Medicolegal Setting
Dersh, J. J., Polatin, P. B., Leeman, G., & Gatchel, R. J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28919-4_23 · Cited by 19
“Stuart and Noyes (1999) point out that abnormal illness behaviors often result in interpersonal interactions that culminate in rejection by spouses, family members, and health care providers.”
BackgroundInfluentialLind, A. B., Delmar, C., & Nielsen, K. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.07.015 · Cited by 19
“Findings also associates SDwith alexithymia [11–15], affect dysregulation [16–18], insecure attachment [19–21], poor expression abilities and avoidant coping [22].”
BackgroundGrigaitytė, I., & Söderberg, P. (2021) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2021.1902845 · Cited by 21
Childhood environment as a predictor of perceived health status in late life
Shah, S. B., BARSKY, A. J., Vaillant, G. E., & Waldinger, R. J. (2014) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1560 · Cited by 17
The Interpersonal Model of Health Anxiety: Testing predicted paths and model specificity
Birnie, K. A., Sherry, S., Doucette, S., Sherry, D. L., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & Stewart, S. H. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.028 · Cited by 16
“…patterns of behavior (health-related reassurance-seeking), cognition (health-related alienation), and affect (health-related worry) characteristic of health anxious individuals are said to arise from a hyperactivated insecure attachment system (MacSwain et al., 2009; Stuart & Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttachment styles and clinical communication performance in trainee doctors
Fletcher, I. J., McCallum, R., & Peters, S. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.05.019 · Cited by 17
Greenman, P. S., Renzi, A., Monaco, S., Luciani, F., & Trani, M. D. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020203 · Cited by 24
“Adverse relational experiences in childhood appear to favour the development of an insecure attachment pattern, which in turn can make the individual more vulnerable to somatization [20].”
BackgroundMedically Unexplained Symptoms and Attachment Theory: The BodyMind Approach®
Payne, H., & Brooks, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01818 · Cited by 18
Ali, E., Letourneau, N. L., Benzies, K., Ntanda, H. N., Dewey, D., Campbell, T. S., & Giesbrecht, G. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562119894184 · Cited by 21
“The maternal-child attachment relationship regulates the child’s stress response (Bowlby, 1982), such as perceived stress and the intensity and duration of the psychological stress response (Groh & Narayan, 2019; Stuart & Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundHypochondriacal Symptoms Associated With a Less Therapeutic Physician-Patient Relationship
Noyes, R., Longley, S. L., Langbehn, D. R., Stuart, S. P., & Kukoyi, O. A. (2010) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.57 · Cited by 15
Self-citationKoelen, J. A., Eurelings‐Bontekoe, L., & Kempke, S. (2016) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1175997 · Cited by 15
“Stuart and Noyes (1999) hypothesized that somatizing behavior, such as attempts to elicit care by continual complaints of physical illness or pain, is a form of interpersonal communication.”
BackgroundAnagnostopoulos, F., & Botse, T. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016653641 · Cited by 16
“…model of health anxiety (IMHA; Noyes et al., 2003), which asserts that health anxiety represents a maladaptive expression of insecure attachment developed from adverse early caregiving childhood physical illness experiences through learning (Alberts & Hadjistavropoulos, 2014; Stuart & Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundIntérêt du concept d’attachement en médecine somatique
Attale, C., & Consoli, S. M. (2005) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/s0755-4982(05)83883-7 · Cited by 14
Somatization disorders in obstetrics and gynecology
Bitzer, J. (2003) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0150-6 · Cited by 13
Attachment in Romantic Relationships and Somatization
Neumann, E., Sattel, H. C., Gündel, H., Henningsen, P., & Kruse, J. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000241 · Cited by 13
“In their families of origin, there was often nowarm response to an open expression of emotional distress, while showing symptoms of a physical disease caused others to be attentive and caring (Craig et al., 2004; Rudolf and Henningsen, 2003; Stuart and Noyes, 1999).”
BackgroundYavuz, M., Aluç, N., Tasa, H., Yanardoner, I. H., & Bolat, N. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12224 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Stuart, S., & Noyes, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stuart, Scott
- ORCID
- Stuart, Scott
- Venue
- Psychosomatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-43
- ISSN
- 0033-3182 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042609187
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- somatization, somatoform disorders, attachment, attachment anxiety, personality, interpersonal communication, physician-patient interaction, rejection, abandonment, stress, physical complaints
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Communication, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Physician-Patient Relations, Somatoform Disorders
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